YouTube is an American video sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. This service was made by three former PayPal employees - Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim - in February 2005. Google bought the site in November 2006 for US $ 1.65 billion; YouTube now operates as one of Google's subsidiaries.
YouTube allows users to upload, view, rate, share, add to favorites, report, comment on videos, and subscribe to other users. It offers a wide range of user and company-generated media videos. Available content includes video clips, TV show clips, music videos, short films and documentaries, audio recordings, movie trailers, live streams, and other content such as video blogs, short original videos and educational videos. Most content on YouTube is uploaded by individuals, but media companies including CBS, BBC, Vevo, and Hulu offer some of their material through YouTube as part of the YouTube partnership program. Unregistered users can only watch videos on the site, while registered users are allowed to upload unlimited videos and add comments to the video. Videos that are considered potentially inappropriate are only available to registered users who assert themselves at least 18 years of age.
YouTube generates ad revenue from Google AdSense, a program that targets ads based on site content and audience. Most of the videos are free to view, but there are exceptions, including subscription-based premium channels, movie rentals, and YouTube Red, a subscription service that offers ad-free access to websites and access to exclusive content created in partnership with existing users.
Beginning in February 2017, there were over 400 hours of content uploaded to YouTube every minute, and one billion hours of content watched on YouTube every day. As of August 2017, this website is ranked as the second most popular site in the world by Alexa Internet, a web traffic analysis company.
Video YouTube
Company history
YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, all of whom were early PayPal employees. Hurley studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. According to frequently repeated stories in the media, Hurley and Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of 2005, after they had trouble sharing videos that had been taken at a dinner party at Chen's apartment in San Francisco. Karim did not attend the party and denied that it had happened, but Chen commented that the idea that YouTube was founded after the dinner party "may be strongly reinforced by marketing ideas around creating a highly digestible story".
Karim said the inspiration for YouTube first came from Janet Jackson's role in the 2004 Super Bowl incident, when her breasts were exposed during her performance, and then from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Karim could not easily find a video clip from one of the online shows, which led to an idea video sharing sites. Hurley and Chen say that the original idea for YouTube is a video version of an online dating service, and has been influenced by the Hot or Not website.
YouTube started as a venture funded technology startup, primarily from an $ 11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006. YouTube's initial headquarters are located above a pizza and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www.youtube.com was activated on February 14, 2005, and the website was developed over the next few months. The first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo , shows Jawed Karim's co-founder at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23, 2005, and can still be viewed on the site. YouTube offered to the beta test publication of the site in May 2005. The first video that reached one million views was the Nike ad featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. After investing $ 3.5 million from Sequoia Capital in November, the site was officially launched in December. 15, 2005, when the site received 8 million views daily. The site is growing rapidly and, in July 2006, the company announced that over 65,000 new videos are being uploaded daily, and that the site receives 100 million video views per day. According to data published by market research firm comScore, YouTube is the dominant online video provider in the United States, with a market share of around 43% and over 14 billion video views in May 2010.
In May 2011, 48 hours of new video uploaded to the site every minute, which increased to 60 hours per minute in January 2012, 100 hours every minute in May 2013, 300 hours every minute in November 2014, and 400 hours every minute in February 2017. This site has 800 million unique users in a month. It is estimated that in 2007, YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. According to the third-party web analytics provider, Alexa and SimilarWeb, YouTube is the most visited website in the world, in December 2016; SimilarWeb also lists YouTube as the top global TV and video website, attracting more than 15 billion visitors per month.
The option name www.youtube.com causes a problem for a website with the same name, www.utube.com . Site owner, Universal Tube & amp; Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly burdened by people searching YouTube. Universal Tube has renamed its website to www.utubeonline.com . In October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $ 1.65 billion in Google shares, and the deal was finalized on 13 November 2006.
In March 2010, YouTube started streaming certain content for free, including 60 Premier League cricket matches India. According to YouTube, this is the world's first free online broadcast of major sporting events. On March 31, 2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the goal of simplifying the interface and increasing the time users spent on the site. Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented: "We really felt like we had to retreat and wipe out the mess." As of May 2010, YouTube videos are watched more than two billion times per day. This increased to three billion by May 2011, and four billion in January 2012. In February 2017, one billion YouTube hours were watched daily.
In October 2010, Hurley announced that he would resign as YouTube's chief executive officer to take on the advisory role, and that Salar Kamangar would take over as head of the company. In April 2011, James Zern, a YouTube software engineer, revealed that 30% of videos accounted for 99% of the views on the site. In November 2011, the Google social networking site integrated directly with YouTube and the Chrome web browser, allowing YouTube videos to be viewed from within the Google interface.
In December 2011, YouTube launched a new version of the site interface, with video channels displayed in the middle column on the home page, similar to news feeds from social networking sites. At the same time, a new version of the YouTube logo was introduced in darker red, the first change in design since October 2006. In May 2013, YouTube launched a pilot program for content providers to offer subscription-based premium channels. in the platform. In February 2014, Susan Wojcicki was appointed CEO of YouTube. In November 2014, YouTube announced a subscription service known as "Music Key", which embeds streaming ad-free music content on YouTube with an existing Google Play Music service.
In February 2015, YouTube released a secondary mobile app known as YouTube Kids. This app is designed to provide an optimized experience for children. It features a simplified user interface, channel selection channels featuring age-appropriate content, and parental control features. Then on August 26, 2015, YouTube launched YouTube Gaming - a vertically oriented video game and app for video and live streaming, intended to compete with Amazon.com's Twitch.
In October 2015, YouTube announced YouTube Red, a new premium service that would offer ad-free access to all content on the platform (replacing Music Key services released the year before), premium original series and movies produced by YouTube personalities, as well as background playback behind content on mobile devices. YouTube also released YouTube Music, a stream-oriented third app and found music content hosted on the YouTube platform.
In January 2016, YouTube expanded its headquarters in San Bruno by purchasing an office park for $ 215 million. The complex has an area of ​​554,000 square feet and can accommodate up to 2,800 employees.
On August 29, 2017, YouTube officially unveiled its user interface design based on the Material Design language, as well as a redesigned logo built around the symbol of the service play button.
On April 3, 2018, the shootings occurred at YouTube headquarters in San Bruno, California.
On May 17, 2018, YouTube announced a re-branded YouTube Red as YouTube Premium (accompanied by a major expansion of services to Canada and 13 European markets), as well as the upcoming release of YouTube Music subscriptions.
Maps YouTube
Features
Video technology
YouTube primarily uses AVC VP9 and H.264/MPEG-4 video formats, and Dynamic Adaptive Streaming via HTTP protocol.
Replay
Previously, viewing YouTube videos on a personal computer requires an Adobe Flash Player plug-in to install in the browser. In January 2010, YouTube launched an experimental version of sites that use the built-in multimedia capabilities of web browsers that support HTML5 standards. This allows videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player or any other plug-ins to install. The YouTube site has pages that allow supported browsers to participate in HTML5 trials. Only browsers that support HTML5 Video using MP4 (with H.264 video) or WebM (with VP8 video) can play videos, and not all videos on the site are available.
On January 27, 2015, YouTube announced that HTML5 would be the default playback method on supported browsers. YouTube used Adobe Dynamic Streaming for Flash, but by switching to HTML5 videos now stream videos using Dynamic Adaptive Stream via HTTP (MPEG-DASH), an adaptive bit rate bit HTTP solution that optimizes bitrate and quality for network availability.
Upload
All YouTube users can upload videos up to 15 minutes per duration. Users who have a good track record in compliance with our Community Guidelines site can be offered the ability to upload up to 12 hours of video, as well as live streaming, which requires account verification, usually via mobile phones. When YouTube was launched in 2005, it was possible to upload longer videos, but the ten-minute limit was introduced in March 2006 after YouTube discovered that most of the videos beyond this length were unauthorized uploads from television and movie shows. The 10 minute limit was increased to 15 minutes in July 2010. In the past, it was possible to upload videos longer than 12 hours. Most videos are 128 GB in size. The video title is created using voice recognition technology when uploaded. Such text submissions are usually inaccurate, so YouTube provides several options for manually entering descriptions for greater accuracy.
YouTube accepts videos uploaded in most container formats, including AVI, MP4, MPEG-PS, QuickTime File Format, and FLV. It supports WebM files as well as 3GP, allowing videos to be uploaded from the phone.
Video with progressive scanning or interlaced scanning can be uploaded, but for the best video quality, YouTube suggests that the linked video will be deinterlaced before uploading. All video formats on YouTube use progressive scanning. YouTube stats show that the interlaced video is still uploaded to YouTube, and no sign is really reduced. YouTube associates this by uploading content created for TV.
Quality and format
YouTube initially offers video only on one quality level, displayed at a resolution of 320ÃÆ'â € "240 pixels using the Sorenson Spark codec (a variant of H.263), with mono MP3 audio. In June 2007, YouTube added the option to watch videos in 3GP format on mobile. In March 2008, high quality modes were added, which increased the resolution to 480ÃÆ'â € "360 pixels. In November 2008, HD 720p support was added. At the launch of 720p, the YouTube player changed from a 4: 3 aspect ratio to a 16: 9 widescreen. With this new feature, YouTube initiated a switch to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC as its standard video compression format. In November 2009, 1080p HD support was added. In July 2010, YouTube announced that it has launched a variety of videos in 4K format, allowing resolutions up to 4096ÃÆ'â € "3072 pixels. As of June 2015, support for 8K resolution was added, with video playing at 7680ÃÆ'â € "4320 pixels. In November 2016, support for HDR video is added which can be encoded with Hybrid Log-Gamma (HLG) or Perceptual Quantizer (PQ). HDR video can be encoded with Rec. Color space 2020.
In June 2014, YouTube unveiled videos playing at 60 frames per second, to reproduce video games with image rates comparable to high-end graphics cards. Video played back at 720p or higher resolution. YouTube videos are available in various levels of quality. The previous names of standard quality (SQ), high quality (HQ), and high definition (HD) have been replaced by numeric values ​​that represent the video's vertical resolution. The default video stream is encoded in VP9 format with stereo Opus audio; if VP9/WebM is not supported in browser/device or the user agent of the browser is reporting Windows XP, then AVC H.264/MPEG-4 video with stereo AAC audio is used instead.
Live stream
YouTube conducted initial experiments with live streaming, including a concert by U2 in 2009, and a question and answer session with US President Barack Obama in February 2010. These tests rely on technology from third-party partners, but in September 2010, YouTube began testing own live streaming infrastructure. In April 2011, YouTube announced the launch of YouTube Live , with a portal page at the URL "www.youtube.com/live". The creation of live streams was initially limited to selected partners. It's used for live event broadcasts like the 2012 Olympics in London. In October 2012, over 8 million people watched Felix Baumgartner's leap from the edge of the space as a live stream on YouTube.
In May 2013, live stream generation is open to verified users with at least 1,000 subscribers; in August of that year, that number was reduced to 100 customers, and in December the limit was removed. In February 2017, live streaming was introduced to the official YouTube mobile app. Mobile direct streaming was initially restricted to users with at least 10,000 subscribers, but by mid-2017, the number of subscribers has been reduced to 100. Live streams can reach 4K resolution at 60 fps, and also support 360 Â ° videos. In February 2017, a live streaming feature called Super Chat was introduced, allowing viewers to donate between $ 1 and $ 500 to have their comments highlighted.
3D Videos
In a video posted on July 21, 2009, YouTube software designer Peter Bradshaw announced that YouTube users can now upload 3D videos. Videos can be viewed in several different ways, including common anaglyph (cyan/red lens) methods that use spectacles worn by viewers to achieve 3D effects. The YouTube Flash Player can display stereoscopic content inserted in rows, columns, or plaid patterns, side by side or anaglyph using a combination of red/cyan, green/magenta or blue/yellow. In May 2011, the HTML5 version of the YouTube player began supporting 3D side-by-side recording compatible with Nvidia 3D Vision.
360 degree video
In January 2015, Google announced that 360 degree videos will be natively supported on YouTube. On March 13, 2015, YouTube enabled a 360 ° video that can be viewed from Google Cardboard, a virtual reality system. YouTube 360 ​​â € <â € By 2017, YouTube began promoting an alternative stereoscopic video format known as the VR180, which is limited to a 180-degree field of view, but promoted as easier to produce than 360-degree video, and allows more depth to be maintained by not subjecting video to equirectangular projections User features
Community
On September 13, 2016, YouTube launched a public Community beta version, a social media-based feature that lets users post text, images (including GIFs), live videos, and more on a separate "Community" tab on their channel. Prior to launch, some creators have been consulted to suggest tools. Communities can combine that they will be useful; YouTubers include Vlogbrothers, AsapScience, Lilly Singh, The Game Theorists, Karmin, Awesome Keys, The Kloons, Peter Hollens, Rosianna Halse Rojas, Sam Tsui, Threadbanger, and Vsauce3.
Accessibility of content
YouTube offers users the ability to view their videos on web pages outside of their website. Each YouTube video is accompanied by a piece of HTML that can be used to embed it on any page on the Web. This function is often used to embed YouTube videos on social networking pages and blogs. Users who wish to post videos discussing, inspired by or related to another user's video can create a "video response". On August 27, 2013, YouTube announced that it will remove the video response due to its underutilized features. Embedding, ratings, comments and submitted responses may be disabled by the video owner.
YouTube does not usually offer download links for its videos, and intends to see them through its website interface. A small number of videos can be downloaded as MP4 files. Many third-party websites, apps and plug-ins allow users to download YouTube videos. In February 2009, YouTube announced a trial service, which allowed multiple partners to offer video downloads for free or for fees paid through Google Checkout. In June 2012, Google sent a stop and stopped a letter threatening legal action against some websites offering online downloads and YouTube video conversions. In response, Zamzar removes the ability to download YouTube videos from his site.
Users own the copyright to their own work, but have the option to grant certain usage rights under the public copyright license they choose. Since July 2012, it is possible to select Creative Commons licenses as default, allowing other users to reuse and replicate the material.
Platform
Most modern smartphones are able to access YouTube videos either in the app or through an optimized website. YouTube Mobile was launched in June 2007, using RTSP streaming for the video. Not all YouTube videos are available on mobile websites. Since June 2007, YouTube videos have been available for viewing on Apple products. This requires that YouTube content be transcoded into Apple's preferred video standard, H.264, a process that takes several months. YouTube videos can be viewed on devices including Apple TV, iPod Touch and iPhone. In July 2010, the mobile version of the site was relaunched based on HTML5, avoiding the need to use Adobe Flash Player and optimized for use with touchscreen controls. The mobile version is also available as an app for the Android platform. In September 2012, YouTube launched its first app for iPhone, following a decision to remove YouTube as one of the applications loaded on iPhone 5 and iOS 6 operating systems. According to GlobalWebIndex, YouTube is used by 35% of smartphone users between April and June 2013, making it an app the third most widely used.
The TiVo service update in July 2008 enabled the system to search and play YouTube videos. In January 2009, YouTube launched "YouTube for TV", a website version designed for set-top boxes and other TV-based media devices with web browsers, initially allowing their videos to be viewed on PlayStation 3 and Wii video game consoles. In June 2009, YouTube XL was introduced, which has a simplified interface designed to be viewed on a standard television screen. YouTube is also available as an app on Xbox Live. On November 15, 2012, Google launched the official app for Wii, allowing users to watch YouTube videos from Wii channels. The app is also available for Wii U and Nintendo 3DS, and videos can be viewed on Wii U Internet Browser using HTML5. Google made YouTube available on Roku player on December 17, 2013, and, in October 2014, the Sony PlayStation 4.
Localization
On June 19, 2007, Google CEO Eric Schmidt was in Paris to launch a new localization system. The website interface is available with local versions in 89 countries, one region (Hong Kong) and world version.
The YouTube interface shows which local versions to choose based on the user's IP address. In some cases, the message "This video is not available in your country" may appear due to copyright restrictions or inappropriate content. The YouTube website interface is available in 76 language versions, including Amharic, Albanian, Armenian, Bengali, Burmese, Khmer, Kyrgyz, Lao, Mongolian, Persian, and Uzbek, which have no local channel versions. Access to YouTube was blocked in Turkey between 2008 and 2010, following the controversy over a video post deemed offensive to Mustafa Kemal AtatÃÆ'¼rk and some material offensive to Muslims. In October 2012, a local version of YouTube was launched in Turkey, with the youtube.com.tr domain. Local versions are subject to content rules found in Turkish law. In March 2009, a dispute between YouTube and the UK royalty collection agency PRS for Music caused a premium music video to be blocked for YouTube users in the UK. The removal of videos posted by major record companies occurred after the failure to reach agreement on licensing agreements. The dispute was resolved in September 2009. In April 2009, a similar dispute led to the removal of premium music videos for users in Germany.
YouTube Premium
YouTube Premium (formerly YouTube Red) is a YouTube premium subscription service. It offers ad-free streaming, access to exclusive content, background and offline video playback on mobile devices, and access to Google Play Music services "All Access". YouTube Premium was originally announced on November 12, 2014, as "Music Key", a subscription music streaming service, and is intended to integrate with and replace the existing Google Play Music "Access All" service. On October 28, 2015, the service was relaunched as YouTube Red, offering stream without ads for all videos, as well as access to exclusive original content. As of November 2016, the service has 1.5 million subscribers, with over one million free trials. Starting June 2017, the first season of YouTube Red Originals has earned a total of 250 million views.
As of May 2014, before the Music Key service was launched, independent music trading organization Worldwide Independent Network alleges that YouTube uses non-negotiable contracts with an undervalued independent label compared to other streaming services, and YouTube will block all music content from labels that are not reach agreement to be included in paid services. In a statement to the Financial Times in June 2014, Robert Kyncl confirmed that YouTube would block label content that does not negotiate an agreement to be included in paid services "to ensure that all content on the platform is governed by the terms of its new contract. "Stating that 90% of the labels had reached an agreement, he went on to say that" while we hope that we have [a] a 100% success rate, we understand that is unlikely to be an achievable goal and therefore it is our responsibility to our users and industry to launch an improved music experience. "The Financial Times later reported that YouTube had reached an aggregate agreement with Merlin Network - a trading group representing more than 20,000 independent labels, to be included in the service the. However, YouTube itself has not confirmed the deal.
On September 28, 2016, YouTube was named Lyor Cohen, co-founder of 300 Entertainment and former Warner Music Group executive, Global Head of Music. As early as 2018, Cohen began hinting at the possibility of launching YouTube's new music streaming music service, a platform that will compete with other services like Spotify and Apple Music. The service is expected to be launched in March 2018.
YouTube TV
On February 28, 2017, in a press release held at the YouTube Space Los Angeles, YouTube announced the launch of YouTube TV, an over-the-top MVPD subscription service that will be available to US customers for US $ 35 per month. Originally launched in five major markets (New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, and San Francisco) on April 5, 2017, the service offers live streaming from programs from five major broadcast networks (ABC, CBS, The CW, Fox and NBC), and about 40 cable channels owned by the company's parent network, The Walt Disney Company, CBS Corporation, 21st Century Fox, NBCUniversal and Turner Broadcasting System (including Bravo, USA Network, Syfy, Disney Channel, CNN , Cartoon Network, E !, Fox Sports 1, Freeform, FX and ESPN). Customers can also receive Showtime and Fox Soccer Plus as optional add-ons at an additional cost, and can access YouTube Red's original content (YouTube TV excludes YouTube Red subscriptions).
During the 2017 World Series (where it is the sponsor that presents), YouTube TV ads are placed behind the home plate. The branded red play logo logo appears in the center of the screen, mimicking the YouTube interface.
YouTube Go
YouTube Go is an Android app that aims to make YouTube more accessible on mobile devices in emerging markets. This is different from the company's main Android app and allows videos to be downloaded and shared with other users. It also allows users to view videos, share videos downloaded via Bluetooth, and offer more options for mobile data control and video resolution.
YouTube announced the project in September 2016 at an event in India. Launched in India in February 2017, and expanded in November 2017 to 14 other countries, including Nigeria, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Kenya and South Africa. It was launched in 130 countries around the world, including Brazil, Mexico, Turkey and Iraq on February 1, 2018. The app is available for approximately 60% of the world's population.
ISNI
In 2018, YouTube becomes the ISNI registry, and announces its intention to start creating an ISNI identifier to identify the musicians who have the video feature uniquely. ISNI anticipates the number of ID ISNI "rises about 3-5 million over the next few years" as a result.
April Fools
YouTube displays April Fool's jokes on the site on April 1 of each year. In 2008, all links to the video on the main page were transferred to Rick Astley's "Never Gonna Give You Up" music video, a joke known as "rickrolling". The following year, when clicking on a video on the main page, the entire page becomes reversed, which YouTube claims as "the new layout". In 2010, YouTube released a temporary "TEXTp" mode that turned color in video into random letters "to reduce bandwidth costs by $ 1 per second." The following year, the site celebrates "100th anniversary" with a series of sepia-toned films, early 1900s, including the Cat Keyboard parody. In 2012, clicking the DVD image next to the site logo leads to a video about the option claimed to order every YouTube video for home delivery on DVD. In 2013, YouTube teamed up with the satirical newspaper company The Onion to claim that the video sharing website was launched as a contest that eventually ended, and will announce the winners of the contest when the site returns in 2023. In the year 2014, YouTube announced that they are responsible for making all viral video trends, and reveals the upcoming Internet meme previews, such as "Clocking", "Kissing Dad", and "Glub Glub Water Dance". The following year, YouTube added a music button to the video bar that plays the sample from "Sandstorm" by Darude. In 2016, YouTube introduced the option to watch every video on the platform in 360-degree mode with Snoop Dogg.
Social impact
Both individuals and large production companies have used YouTube to grow their audiences. Independent content creators have built thousands of grassroots with little cost or effort, while mass retailing and radio promotion have proven to be problematic. At the same time, old media celebrities moved to websites at the invitation of YouTube management that watched early creators generate a lot of followers, and the size of viewers perceived as potentially larger than can be achieved by television. Although the YouTube revenue-sharing "Partner Program" makes it possible to earn substantial income as a video producer - the top five hundred partners each earn more than $ 100,000 per year and the top ten highest earning channels generate gross revenues from $ 2.5 million to $ 12 million - -in business editors CMU 2012 marks YouTube as a "usable promotional platform... for music labels". In 2013 Katheryn Thayer asserted that the work of artists of the digital age must not only be of high quality, but must react to the platform of YouTube and social media. Videos of 2.5% of artists categorized as "mega", "mainstream" and "mid-sized" received 90.3% of relevant views on YouTube and Vevo that year. In early 2013
Observing that face-to-face communication of the kind submitted by online video has been "refined by millions of years of evolution", TED curator Chris Anderson refers to some YouTube contributors and affirms that "what Gutenberg does to write, online video can now do for face-to- face ". Anderson insists that it is no exaggeration to say that online video will dramatically accelerate scientific progress, and that video contributors will probably launch the "biggest learning cycle in human history." In education, for example, Khan Academy grew from a YouTube video session to the cousin of the founder Salman Khan into what
YouTube has allowed people to be more directly involved with the government, as in the CNN/YouTube presidential debate (2007) where regular people ask questions to US presidential candidates through YouTube videos, with co-founder techPresident who says that Internet videos have changed the political landscape. Describing the Arab Spring (2010-), sociologist Philip N. Howard cited a brief description of the activists who organized the political unrest involved using "Facebook to schedule protests, Twitter to coordinate, and YouTube to let the world know." In 2012, more than a third of the US Senate introduced a resolution condemning Joseph Kony 16 days after the "Kony 2012" video posted to YouTube, with co-sponsored Senator Lindsey Graham's resolution commenting that the video "will do more to lead to (Kony's) die from all other actions combined. "
On the contrary, YouTube also allows the government to more easily engage with citizens, the official YouTube YouTube channel becomes the seventh largest YouTube news producer on YouTube in 2012 and in 2013 the health-care exchange commissioned Obama's YouTube music imitation of Faith Crosson spoof to encourage young people America to enroll in eligible health insurance (ActioCare). In February 2014, US President Obama held a meeting at the White House with a leading YouTube creator to not only promote Obamacare awareness but more generally to develop ways for governments to connect more with "YouTube Generation". While YouTube's inherent ability to allow the president to connect directly with the average citizen is recorded, a new understanding of new content from YouTube creators is deemed necessary for better handling of annoying website content and fluctuating audiences.
Some YouTube videos themselves have an immediate effect on world events, such as Innocence of Muslims (2012) that spur international anti-American protests and anti-American violence. TED curator Chris Anderson describes a phenomenon in which individuals are distributed geographically in specific areas sharing their skills independently developed in YouTube videos, thus challenging others to improve their own skills, and spurring discoveries and evolutions in that field. Journalist Virginia Heffernan stated in The New York Times that such a video has "a surprising implication" for the spread of culture and even the future of classical music.
The Legion of Exceptional Dancers and the YouTube Symphony Orchestra chose their membership based on individual video performances. Furthermore, the cybercollaboration charity video "We Are the World 25 for Haiti (YouTube Edition)" was formed by combining performances from 57 singers distributed globally into a single piece of music, with The Tokyo Times noting "We Pray for Your "YouTube cyber-collaboration video as an example of a trend to use crowdsourcing for charitable purposes. Anti-bullying That Got Better Projects evolved from a YouTube video directed to desperate or suicidal LGBT teenagers who, within two months attracted video responses from hundreds including US President Barack Obama, Vice President Biden, White House staff, and some cabinet secretaries. Similarly, in response to Amanda Todd's fifteen-year-old video "My Story: Fighting, bullying, suicide, self-harm", legislative acts are carried out immediately after suicide to study the prevalence of bullying and establish national anti-bullying. strategy. In May 2018, the London Metropolitan Police claimed that a training video talking about violence sparked gang-related violence. YouTube deleted 30 music videos after the complaint.
Promotion of conspiracy theorist and suburban discourse
YouTube has been criticized for using an algorithm that gives a huge advantage to videos that promote conspiracy theories, lies and piracy discourse. According to an investigation by The Wall Street Journal, YouTube's recommendations often lead users to channels featuring conspiracy theories, partisan views, and misleading videos, even when those users have not shown interest in the content. political bias in what they choose to see, YouTube usually recommends a video that echoes the bias, often with a more extreme viewpoint. "After YouTube drew the controversy of giving top billing on videos that were promoting when people queried-breaking during filming at Las Vegas 2017, YouTube changed its algorithm to give greater advantage to mainstream media sources. In 2018, it was reported that YouTube is once again promoting suburban content about news, putting great emphasis on conspiracy videos about Anthony Bourdain's death.
In 2017, it was revealed that ads were placed on an extremist video, including videos by rape pastors, anti-Semites, and hate preachers who received advertising payments. After the company began to stop advertising on YouTube after this reporting, YouTube apologized and said it would give the company more control over where the ads were placed.
Alex Jones, known for his right-wing conspiracy theories, has built many audiences on YouTube. YouTube drew criticism in 2018 when removing videos from left-wing supervisors who compiled an offensive statement made by Jones, claiming it was "harassment and bullying".
University of North Carolina Professor Zeynep Tufekci calls YouTube "The Great Radicalizer," saying "YouTube may be one of 21st century's most powerful radicalization instruments."
Revenue
Google does not provide detailed figures for YouTube operating costs, and YouTube revenue in 2007 was recorded as "immaterial" in regulatory filing. In June 2008, a Forbes magazine article projected 2008 revenues of $ 200 million, posting progress in advertising sales. As of January 2012, it is estimated that YouTube visitors spend an average of 15 minutes a day on the site, in contrast to four or five hours a day spent by US citizens watching television. In 2012, YouTube revenue from its advertising program is estimated at $ 3.7 billion. By 2013, almost doubled and estimated at $ 5.6 billion according to eMarketer, others estimated 4.7 billion, Most of the videos on YouTube are free to view and supported by advertising. In May 2013, YouTube unveiled a 53-channel trial subscription scheme with prices ranging from $ 0.99 to $ 6.99 per month. The move was seen as an attempt to compete with other online subscription providers such as Netflix and Hulu. In 2017, average viewers watch YouTube on mobile devices for more than an hour each day.
Partner ads
YouTube entered into a marketing and advertising partnership with NBC in June 2006. In March 2007, he made a deal with the BBC for three channels with BBC content, one for news and two for entertainment. In November 2008, YouTube reached an agreement with MGM, Lions Gate Entertainment, and CBS, which allowed the company to post movies and television episodes on the site, along with advertisements in sections for US audiences called "Shows". The move is intended to create competition with websites such as Hulu, featuring material from NBC, Fox, and Disney. In November 2009, YouTube launched a version of "Shows" available to UK viewers, offering approximately 4,000 full length shows from over 60 partners. In January 2010, YouTube introduced an online movie rental service, which is only available to users in the United States, Canada and the UK in 2010. The service offers more than 6,000 movies.
Partnership with video creators
In May 2007, YouTube launched Partner Program (YPP), an AdSense-based system that allows video uploaders to share revenue generated by ads on the site. YouTube typically takes 45 percent of ad revenue from videos in the Partner Program, with 55 percent going to the uploader.
There are more than one million members of the YouTube Partner Program. According to TubeMogul, in 2013, pre-roll ads on YouTube (which were shown before the video began) cost the average advertiser $ 7.60 per 1000 views. Usually no more than half of eligible videos have pre-roll ads, due to the lack of interested advertisers.
In 2013, YouTube introduced options for channels with at least one thousand subscribers to require a paid subscription to enable viewers to watch videos. In April 2017 YouTube set a 10,000 lifetime eligibility eligibility requirement for paid subscriptions. On January 16, 2018, the eligibility requirements for monetization were changed to 4,000 hours of watch time in the last 12 months and 1,000 subscribers. The move was seen as an attempt to ensure that monetized videos did not lead to controversy, but were criticized for punishing smaller YouTube channels.
The YouTube Play Button, part of the YouTube Creator Prize, is a recognition by the most popular YouTube channel. Trophies made of nickel-copper alloy nickel-plated, gold-plated brass, silver-plated metal and rubies were given to channels with at least one hundred thousand, one million, ten million, and fifty million subscribers, respectively.
YPP users can make their video "demo-monetized" if YouTube feels that its content is unfriendly to advertisers. If the video accepts this status, the ad revenue will be canceled for the video in question, and the video will have a yellow coin symbol on the YouTube Partner dashboard.
Revenue to copyright holder
Most of YouTube's revenue goes to the video copyright holder. In 2010, it was reported that nearly a third of videos with ads were uploaded without permission from the copyright holder. YouTube provides an option for copyright holders to find and delete their videos or to continue running their earnings. In May 2013, Nintendo began to impose its copyright ownership and claimed advertising revenue from video creators who posted screenshots of their games. In February 2015, Nintendo agreed to share revenue with video creators.
Community policy
YouTube has a set of community guidelines that aim to reduce the misuse of site features. General prohibited materials include sexually explicit content, animal violent videos, surprise videos, uploaded content without the approval of copyright holders, hate speech, spam, and predatory behavior. Regardless of the guidelines, YouTube has faced criticism from news sources because its content violates these guidelines.
Copyrighted material
When uploading a video, a YouTube user is shown a message asking them not to violate copyright laws. Despite this suggestion, there are still many unauthorized clips of copyrighted material on YouTube. YouTube does not view the video before it is posted online, and submits it to the copyright holder to issue a DMCA takedown notice in accordance with the Terms of Use Copyright Infringement. Any successful complaints about copyright infringement result in YouTube copyright strikes. Three successful complaints for copyright infringement on user account will result in account and all videos uploaded are deleted. Organizations including Viacom, Mediaset and the English Premier League have filed lawsuits against YouTube, claiming that it has done too little to prevent the upload of copyrighted material. Viacom, demanding $ 1 billion in damage, said they had found more than 150,000 unauthorized clip material on YouTube that had been seen "1.5 billion times surprisingly". YouTube responded by stating that "it goes far beyond its legal obligations to help content owners protect their work".
During the same court battle, Viacom won a court ruling requiring YouTube to submit 12 terabytes of data detailing the viewing habits of each user who has watched videos on the site. The decision was criticized by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, which called the court "a setback to privacy rights". In June 2010, Viacom's lawsuit against Google was rejected in a summary decision, with US federal Judge Louis L. Stanton stating that Google is protected by the terms of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Viacom announced its intention to appeal the verdict. On April 5, 2012, the US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit returned the case, allowing Viacom's lawsuit against Google to be heard in court again. On March 18, 2014, the lawsuit was settled after seven years with an undisclosed agreement.
In August 2008, a US court ruled at Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. that the copyright holder can not order the online file deletion without first determining whether the post reflects fair use of the material. The case involved Stephanie Lenz of Gallitzin, Pennsylvania, who made a 13-month-old home video of her son dancing with Prince's song "Let's Go Crazy", and posted a 29-second video on YouTube. In the case of Smith v. Summit Entertainment LLC , professional singer Matt Smith sued Summit Entertainment for abuse of copyright takedown notices on YouTube. He confirms seven causes of action, and four are ruled in favor of Smith.
In April 2012, a court in Hamburg ruled that YouTube could be responsible for copyrighted material posted by its users. The GEMA performance rights organization believes that YouTube does not do enough to prevent the uploading of German copyrighted music. YouTube responded by stating:
On November 1, 2016, disputes with GEMA are resolved, with Google's content ID used to allow ads to be added to videos with content protected by GEMA.
In April 2013, it was reported that Universal Music Group and YouTube have contractual agreements that prevent content from being blocked on YouTube by requests from UMG from being recovered, even if the DMCA counter-notification video file uploader. In the event of a dispute, the video uploader must contact UMG. YouTube's Google owners announced in November 2015 that they will help cover legal costs in certain cases where they believe that fair use protection applies.
Content ID
In June 2007, YouTube started a system test for automatic detection of uploaded videos that infringed copyright. Google CEO Eric Schmidt considers this system necessary to resolve a lawsuit such as Viacom, who alleges that YouTube benefits from content that is not eligible for distribution. The system, known as Content ID, creates a File ID for copyrighted audio and video material, and stores it in a database. When a video is uploaded, it is checked against the database, and flags the video as copyright infringement if a match is found. When this happens, content owners have the option of blocking videos to make them invisible, tracking video display statistics, or adding ads to videos. YouTube describes Content ID as "very accurate in finding uploads that look similar to reference files that have sufficient length and quality to generate an effective File ID." Content ID account for more than one third of the monetized views on YouTube.
Independent tests in 2009 uploaded several versions of the same song to YouTube, and concluded that while the system was "extremely resilient" in finding copyright infringement on audio tracks, it was not perfect. The use of Content ID to automatically remove material has caused controversy in some cases, because the video has not been checked by humans for fair use. If a YouTube user disagrees with a decision by Content ID, it is possible to fill out a form that denies the decision. Before 2016, videos are not monetized until dispute is resolved. As of April 2016, the video continues to be monetized as disputes are in progress, and the money is used for whoever wins the dispute. If the uploader wants to monetize the video again, they can remove the disputed audio in "Video Manager". YouTube has mentioned the effectiveness of Content ID as one of the reasons why site rules were modified in December 2010 to allow multiple users to upload videos of unlimited length.
Controversial content
YouTube also faces criticism for handling offensive content in some of its videos. Uploading videos containing libel, pornography, and material that encourages criminal behavior is prohibited by YouTube's "Community Guidelines". YouTube relies on its users to flag video content as inappropriate, and YouTube employees will see the flagged video to determine whether it violates site guidelines.
Controversial content has included material relating to the Holocaust denial and the Hillsborough disaster, in which 96 football fans from Liverpool were destroyed to death in 1989. In July 2008, the House of Commons Committee on Culture and Media stated that it was "not impressed "with the YouTube system to monitor his videos, and argued that" proactive content review should be standard practice for sites hosting hosted content. " YouTube responded by stating:
We have strict rules about what is allowed, and systems that allow anyone viewing the content is inappropriate to report it to our review team 24/7 and have been dealt with promptly. We educate our community about rules and include a direct link from every YouTube page to make this process as easy as possible for our users. Given the volume of content uploaded on our site, we think this is the most effective way to ensure that a small minority of videos that violate the rules drop quickly. (July 2008)
In October 2010, members of the U.S. Congress Anthony Weiner urged YouTube to remove from its website video from imam Anwar al-Awlaki. YouTube withdrew several videos in November 2010, stating that they violated site guidelines. In December 2010, YouTube added the ability to flag videos for containing terrorist content.
Following a media report on PRISM, the NSA's massive electronic surveillance program, in June 2013, several technology companies were identified as participants, including YouTube. According to leakage from the program, YouTube joined PRISM program in 2010.
YouTube policy on "advertiser-friendly content" limits what can be embedded into monetized videos; this includes strong violence, language, sexual content, and "controversial or sensitive subjects and events, including war-related subjects, political conflicts, natural disasters and tragedies, even if graphic imagery is not displayed", except the content "is usually either newsworthy or comedy and the creator's intent is to inform or entertain ". In September 2016, after introducing an enhanced notification system to notify users of this violation, YouTube's policy was criticized by prominent users, including Phillip DeFranco and Vlogbrothers. DeFranco believes that can not earn advertising revenue on the video is "censorship with a different name". A YouTube spokesperson stated that while the policy itself is not new, the service "raises notice and appeals process to ensure better communication to our makers".
In March 2017, the United Kingdom government withdrew its advertising campaign from YouTube, after reports that its ads appeared on videos containing extreme content. The government demands assurance that its advertisements will be "delivered in a safe and proper manner". The newspaper's
On April 6, 2017, YouTube announced that to "ensure revenue streams only to content creators playing by rules," it would change its practice to require the channel to undergo policy compliance review, and have at least 10,000 lifetime impressions before they can join the Program Partners. On January 16, 2018, YouTube announced a tighter threshold in which creators must have at least 4,000 hours of watch time in the last 12 months and at least 1,000 subscribers.
Child protection
By 2017, YouTube is associated with some controversy related to child safety. During Q2, the popular channel owner DaddyOFive, who presents themselves playing "pranks" on their children, is accused of child abuse. Their video was eventually removed, and two of their children were expelled from their custody.
Later that year, YouTube has been criticized for displaying inappropriate videos aimed at children and often featuring popular characters in violent, sexual or disturbing situations, many of which appear on YouTube Kids and attracted millions of views. The term "Elsagate" was created on the Internet and then used by various news outlets to refer to this controversy. On November 11, 2017, YouTube announced to strengthen the security of the site to protect children from inappropriate content. Later that month, companies began removing bulk videos and channels that made inappropriate use of family-friendly characters. As part of a broader concern about child safety on YouTube, wave deletion also targets channels that show children take part in inappropriate or dangerous activities under adult guidance. Most notably, the company wiped out Toy Freaks, a channel with more than 8.5 million subscribers, featuring a father and two daughters in an odd and irritating situation. According to SocialBlade analysts, it earns up to £ 8.7 million annually before its abolition.
Also in November 2017, it was revealed in the media that many videos featuring children - often uploaded by minors themselves, and displaying innocent content - drew comments from pedophiles and circulated on the dark web, with predators find videos by typing in certain keywords in Russian. As a result of the controversy, which adds to concerns about "Elsagate", some of the large advertisers whose ads are aired against such videos freeze spending on YouTube.
User comments
Most videos allow users to leave comments, and this has drawn attention to the negative aspects of its form and content. In 2006, Time praised Web 2.0 for allowing "community and collaboration on a scale never seen before", and added that YouTube "takes advantage of people's fools and wisdom.Some comments on YouTube make you cry for the future of mankind is only for spelling, do not care about obscenity and bare hate ". The Guardian in 2009 describes user comments on YouTube as:
Teenagers, aggressive, misspelled, sexist, homophobic, swinging from rage on video content to provide endless detailed descriptions followed by LOL, YouTube comments are a dot of infantile debate and ignorance without shame - with occasional explosions of intelligence shining through.
In September 2008, The Daily Telegraph commented that YouTube was "famous" for "some of the most confrontational and unmoved comments on the internet", and reported on YouTube Comment Snob, "a new piece of software blocking rough and illiterate writing ". The Huffington Post noted in April 2012 that finding comments on YouTube that appear "offensive, stupid and rude" to "the majority" of the people is hardly difficult.
On November 6, 2013, Google implemented a Google-oriented comment system that requires all YouTube users to use their Google account to comment on the video. The motivation expressed for that change gives creators more power to moderate and block comments, thus responding to frequent criticisms about their quality and tone. The new system restores the ability to enter URLs in comments, previously deleted due to issues with abuse. In response, YouTube's co-founder, Jawed Karim, posted the question "why do I need a google account to comment on a video?" on his YouTube channel to express his negative opinion about the change. The official YouTube announcement received 20,097 "thumbs down" votes and generated over 32,000 comments in two days. Writing on Silicon Island blogger Silent Island, Chase Melvin noted that "Google is not at all popular as a social media network like Facebook, but essentially imposed on millions of YouTube users who do not want to lose their ability to comment on videos" and "The discussion forum on the Internet is already full of protests against the new comment system". In the same article Melvin goes on to say:
Perhaps a user's complaint is justified, but the idea of ​​revamping the old system is not so bad.
Imagine the misleading, misogynistic, and racial misfires that have been going on for the past eight years on YouTube with no visible moderation. Is not there an effort to curb unknown people worth a try? The system is far from perfect, but Google should be commended for trying to reduce some of the damage caused by angry YouTubers hiding behind hostility and anonymity.
On July 27, 2015, Google announced in a blog post that it would remove the requirement to sign up for a Google account to post comments to YouTube.
On 3 November 2016, YouTube announced a test scheme that allows video makers to decide whether to approve, hide, or report comments posted on videos based on algorithms that detect potentially offensive comments. Creators can also choose to save or delete comments with links or hashtags to combat spam. They can also allow other users to moderate their comments.
View amount
In December 2012, two billion views have been removed from viewing number of Sony and Sony's music videos on YouTube, triggering claims by Dot Daily that views have been removed for violation of the provisions of the service site, which prohibits the use of automated processes for increase viewership. This is debatable
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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