Calendar is the day-to-day organizing system for social, religious, commercial or administrative purposes. This is done by naming the time period, usually day, week, month, and year. Date is the designation of a certain day in such a system. The calendar is also a physical recording (often paper) of such a system. Calendars can also mean a list of planned events, such as a court calendar or a partial or entire chronological list of documents, such as a will.
Periods in the calendar (such as years and months) are usually, though not always, synchronized with sun or moon cycles. The most common types of pre-modern calendars are the lunisolar calendar, the lunar calendar which sometimes adds a month to stay synchronized with the sun year in the long run.
The term calendar is taken from calendare, the term for the first day of each month in the Roman calendar, related to the verb calare to call ", referring to" call "from the new moon when first seen. Latin calendarium means "account book, list" (because accounts are settled and debts are collected on a calendar every month). The Latin term was adopted in Old French as calendier and from there in Central England as a calendar in the 13th century (spelling of calendar was the modern beginnings).
Video Calendar
Histori
The course of the Sun and the Moon are the most obvious forms of timeliness, and the year and month are most commonly used in pre-modern societies around the world as units of time. Nevertheless, the Roman calendar contains the ancient remains of a 10-month pre-Etruscan solar year. The first recorded calendar dates to the Bronze Age, depending on the development of writing in the Ancient Near East, the Egyptian and Sumerian calendars.
A large number of calendar systems based on the Babylonian calendar, and those found in the Ancient Near East, are from the Iron Age. Among such calendar systems is the calendar system of the Persian Empire, which in turn brings up the Zoroastrian calendar as well as the Hebrew calendar.
A large number of Hellenic calendars developed in Classical Greece, and with the Hellenistic period also influenced the calendar beyond the direct sphere of Greek influence, resulting in various Hindu calendars as well as ancient Roman calendars.
The calendar in ancient times was lunisolar, depending on the introduction of the bachelor months to harmonize the sun and the lunar years. This is largely based on observation, but there may be early attempts to model algorithmic intercalation patterns, as evidenced in the fragmentary 2nd-century Coligny calendar.
The Roman calendar was reformed by Julius Caesar in 45 BC. The Julian calendar is no longer dependent on observations of the new moon but only following the algorithm introduces leap days every four years. This creates the separation of the calendar month from the lunar month.
The Islamic calendar is based on Muhammad's prohibition of intercalation ( rice ), in an Islamic tradition dated a sermon held on 9 Dhu al-Hijjah AH 10 (Julian date: 6 March 632). This results in an observational lunar calendar that shifts relative to the solar year of the year.
modern reform
The first calendar reform of the early modern era was the Gregorian calendar, introduced in 1582 based on observations of a long-term shift between the Julian calendar and the solar year.
There are a number of modern proposals for calendar reform, such as the World Calendar, International Fixed Calendar, Holocene calendar, and, more recently, the Hanke-Henry Permanent Calendar. Such ideas are debated from time to time but fail to gain attraction because of the loss of continuity, massive upheavals in implementation, and religious objections.
Maps Calendar
Calendar system
The complete calendar system has different calendar dates for each day. So the week cycle itself is not a complete calendar system; there is no system that mentions days of the year without a system to identify the year.
The simplest calendar system only counts the time period from the reference date. This applies to Julian or Unix Time. Almost the only possible variation is to use different reference dates, in particular, that are less distant in the past to make the numbers smaller. Computing in this system is just a matter of addition and subtraction.
Other calendars have one (or more) larger time units.
Calendars that contain one cycle rate:
- week and weekday - this system (no year, number of weeks is growing) not very common
- year and ordinal date of the year, for example, the ISO 8601 ordinal date system
Calendars with two cycle levels:
- years, months and days - most systems, including the Gregorian calendar (and very similar predecessors, Julian calendar), Islamic calendars, solar calendar calendars and Hebrew calendars
- year, week and work day - e.g., ISO week date
Cycles can be synchronized with periodic phenomena:
- The month calendar is synchronized with the motion of the Moon (lunar phase); for example is the Islamic calendar.
- The solar calendar is based on seasonal changes synchronized with real Sun movements; for example is the Persian calendar.
- The lunisolar calendar is based on a combination of solar and lunar calculations; examples include traditional Chinese calendars, Hindu calendars in India, and Hebrew calendars.
- The week cycle is an example of one that is not synced with an external phenomenon (though it may come from the lunar phase, starting new each month).
Very commonly a calendar includes more than one type of cycle, or has cyclic and non-cyclic elements.
Most calendars combine more complex cycles. For example, most of them track the year, month, week, and day. A seven-day week is practically universal, although its use varies. It has been going without interruption for thousands of years.
Solar calendar
The sun calendar sets the date for each day of the sun. One day may consist of periods between sunrise and sunset, with the following night period, or perhaps periods between successive events such as two sunsets. The length of the interval between two successive events can be left to vary slightly over the course of a year, or may be averaged to the average of the day of the sun. Other calendar types may also use the day of the sun.
Calendar month
Not all calendars use the solar year as a whole. The lunar calendar is a calendar where days are numbered in each lunar phase cycle. Since the lunar month length is not the same fraction of the length of the tropical year, the pure moon calendar is rapidly drifting against seasons, which do not vary much near the equator. Nevertheless, it remains constant with respect to other phenomena, particularly the ups and downs. An example is the Islamic calendar. Alexander Marshack, in controversial reading, believes that the mark on the bone stick (about 25,000 BC) represents the lunar calendar. Other marked bones can also represent a lunar calendar. Similarly, Michael Rappenglueck believes that the signs on the 15,000-year-old cave painting are a lunar calendar.
lunisolar calendar
The lunisolar calendar is a lunar calendar that compensates by adding additional months as necessary to realign the month with the season. An example is a Hebrew calendar that uses a 19-year cycle.
Calendar subdivision
Almost all calendar systems categorize consecutive days into "months" and also become "years". In the sun sun year calendar will approach the Earth's tropical year (that is, the time required for the complete season cycle), traditionally used to facilitate the planning of agricultural activities. In the lunar calendar , months predict the lunar phase cycle. Days in a row can be grouped into other periods such as weeks.
Since the number of days in tropical years is not a round number, the solar calendar should have different number of days in different years. This can be handled, for example, by adding an extra day in a leap year. The same goes for the month in the lunar calendar as well as the number of months of the year in the lunisolar calendar. This is commonly known as intercalation. Even if the calendar is the sun, but not the moon, the year can not be divided completely into months that never vary in length.
Culture can determine other time units, such as weeks, for the purpose of scheduling routine activities that do not coincide easily with months or years. Many cultures use different baselines for the early years of their calendars. For example, the year in Japan is based on the reign of the current emperor: The year 2006 is the 18th year of Emperor Akihito.
Other calendar types
Arithmetic and astronomical calendars
An astronomical calendar is based on ongoing observations; an example is the religious and religious calendar of the old Jewish calendar in the time of the Second Temple. Such a calendar is also called an observation-based calendar. The advantage of such a calendar is that it is perfect and constantly accurate. The disadvantage is that working when a certain date is going to be difficult.
Calendar arithmetic is one that is based on a strict set of rules; an example is the current Jewish calendar. Such calendars are also referred to as rule-based calendar . The advantage of such a calendar is the ease of calculation when a specific date occurs. The disadvantage is imperfect precision. Furthermore, even if the calendar is very accurate, its accuracy decreases gradually over time, due to changes in Earth's rotation. This limits the life of an accurate arithmetic calendar to several thousand years. After that, the rules need to be modified from the observations made since the invention of the calendar.
Full and incomplete calendar
Calendars can be either complete or incomplete. Full calendars provide a way of naming each day in a row, while an incomplete calendar is not. The ancient Roman calendar, which has no way to set winter days apart to unite them as "winter", is an example of an incomplete calendar, while the Gregorian calendar is an example of a complete calendar.
Calendar used
The main practical use of the calendar is to identify the days: to be informed about or to approve future events and to record events that have occurred. Days may be significant for agriculture, civil, religious or social reasons. For example, the calendar provides a way to determine when to start planting or harvesting, which days are religious or civil holidays, which mark the day of the beginning and the end of the business accounting period, and which days have legal significance, such as day taxes are due or contract expires. Also the calendar can, by identifying one day, provide other useful information about a day like its season.
Calendars are also used to help people manage their personal schedule, times and activities, especially when the individual has a lot of work, school, and family commitments. People often use multiple systems, and can keep business and family calendars to help prevent them from doing too much time.
Calendars are also used as part of a complete timekeeping system: the date and time of day together determine a specific time. In the modern world, timers can show time, date and day of work.
Gregorian Calendar
The Gregorian calendar is a de facto international standard, and is used almost everywhere in the world for civilian purposes. It is a pure sun calendar, with a leap day cycle in a 400-year cycle designed to keep the duration of the year in tune with the solar year.
Each year the Gregorian has 365 or 366 days (leap days inserted on 29 February), an average Gregorian year of 365.2425 days (compared to 365,2422 sun days of the day). It was introduced in 1582 as a refinement of the Julian calendar that has been used throughout the Middle Ages of Europe, amounting to a correction of 0.002% throughout the year.
During the Early Modern period, however, its adoption was largely confined to Roman Catholic countries, but in the nineteenth century it became widely adopted worldwide for convenience in international trade. The last European country to adopt reform was Greece, in 1923.
The calendar period used by the Gregorian calendar is inherited from a medieval convention founded by Dionysius Exiguus and associated with the Julian calendar. The number of years is given varying as AD (for Anno Domini ) or CE (for Common Era or, indeed, Christian Era ).
Religious calendar
The most important use of the pre-modern calendar is to track the liturgical year and observance of religious festivals.
While the Gregorian calendar itself is historically motivated in relation to the calculation of the date of the Passover, it is now in secular use throughout the world as a de facto standard. Along with the use of the Gregorian calendar for secular things, there are still a number of calendars used for religious purposes.
Eastern Christians, including the Orthodox Church, use the Julian calendar.
Islamic Calendar or Hijri calendar, is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months of the month in 354 or 355 days a year. It is used to date events in most Muslim countries (along with the Gregorian calendar), and is used by Muslims everywhere to determine the right day to celebrate the holy days and Islamic festivals. His time is Hijrah (according to 622 AD). With an annual period of 11 or 12 days, seasonal relationships are repeated approximately every 33 years of Islam.
Hindu calendars are still used in the Indian subcontinent, including the Nepalese calendar, the Bengali calendar, the Malayalam calendar, the Tamil calendar, the Samvat Vikrama used in Northern India, and the Shalivahana calendar in the Deccan countries.
The Buddhist calendar and the traditional lunisolar calendar of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand are also based on older versions of the Hindu calendar.
Most Hindu calendars are inherited from the first pronounced system in Vedanga Jyotisha of Lagadha, standardized in S? Rya Siddh? Nta and then reformed by astronomers like? Ryabha? A (499 M), Var? Hamihira (6th century) and Bh? Skara II (12th century).
The Hebrew calendar is used by Jews all over the world for religious and cultural affairs, as well as affecting civil matters in Israel (such as national holidays) and can be used there for business purposes (such as for check dates).
BahÃÆ'¡'ÃÆ's around the world use the Bahá''á calendar.
National calendar
Chinese, Hebrew, Hindu, and Julian calendars are widely used for religious and social purposes.
The Iranian (Persian) calendar is used in Iran and parts of Afghanistan. The Ethiopian calendar or Ethiopian calendar is the main calendar used in Ethiopia and Eritrea, with the Oromo calendar also used in some areas. In neighboring Somalia, the Somali calendar coexists with the Gregorian and Islamic calendars. In Thailand, where the Thai solar calendar is used, the moon and day have adopted western standards, although the years are still based on traditional Buddhist calendars.
Fiscal calendar
Fiscal calendars generally mean years of government or business bookkeeping. This is used for budgeting, account keeping and taxation. This is a 12-month set that can start any date of the year. The fiscal year of the US government begins on October 1 and ends on 30 September. The Indian government's fiscal year begins on April 1 and ends on March 31. Small traditional businesses in India start the fiscal year at Diwali festival and end the day before Diwali festival next year.
In accounting (and especially accounting software), fiscal calendars (such as calendar 4/4/5) are fixed monthly on a certain number of weeks to facilitate comparisons from month to month and year to year. January always has exactly 4 weeks (Sunday to Saturday), February has 4 weeks, March has 5 weeks, etc. Note that this calendar typically needs to add 53 weeks for each of the 5th or 6th years, which may be added to December or may not, depending on how the organization uses that date. There is no international standard way to do this (ISO week). The ISO week starts on Monday, and ends on Sunday. Week 1 is always the week that contains January 4 in the Gregorian calendar.
Format
The term calendar applies not only to certain timeliness schemes but also to certain notes or devices featuring such schemes, such as an appointment book in the form of a pocket calendar (or personal organizer), desktop calendar, wall calendar etc..
In paper calendars, one or two sheets can show a day, a week, a month, or a year. If one sheet for one day, it easily shows the date and day of work. If the sheet for a few days it shows the conversion table to convert from business day to day and back. With a special pointing device, or by crossing out the last days, it may indicate the current date and working day. This is the most common use of the word.
In the United States, Sunday is considered the first day of the week and so it appears on the far left and Saturday of the last day of the week appears on the far right. On UK weekends may appear on weekends so the first day is Monday and the last day is Sunday. The US calendar view is also used in the UK.
It is common to display the Gregorian calendar in a separate monthly grid of seven columns (from Monday to Sunday, or Sunday to Saturday depending on the day that is considered starting the week) and five to six lines (or rarely, four lines when the month February contains 28 days starting on the first day of the week), with the day of the month numbered in each cell, starting with 1. The sixth row is sometimes removed by marking 23/30 and 24/31 together as necessary.
When working with weeks and not months, the continuous format is sometimes more convenient, where no blank cells are inserted to ensure that the first day of the new month starts on a new line.
Calendar software
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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