Mass Requiem is famous for a large number of inspired music compositions, including arrangements by Mozart, Verdi, Bruckner, Dvo? ÃÆ'¡k, FaurÃÆ'Â © and DuruflÃÆ'Â ©. Initially, such a composition was intended to be done in the liturgical service, with monophonic singing. Finally the dramatic character of the text began to appeal to the composers up to a level that they made the requiem of a genre of its own, and the composition of the composers like Verdi was basically concert pieces rather than liturgical works.
Video Music for the Requiem Mass
Teks umum
The following is the text that has been set to music. Notice that Libera Me and In Paradisum are not part of the Catholic Mass text for the Dead itself, but part of the funeral that follows soon. In Paradisum is traditionally said or sung as the body leaves the church, and Libera Me is said/sung on funeral sites before burial. This became included in the musical arrangement of Requiem in the 19th century as composers began to treat the form more freely.
Introit
Dari 4 Esdras 2: 34-35; Mazmur 64: 2-3
Kyrie eleison
It's like Kyrie in Ordinary of the Mass:
This is Greek (?????????????????????????????) Each speech is sung three times, though sometimes it does not happen when it is sung polyphonically.
Staged
From 4 Ezra 2: 34-35; Psalm 111: 7
Channels
Sequences
An order is a liturgical poem sung, when used, after the Tract (or Alleluia, if any). The sequence used in Requiem, Dies irae , attributed to Thomas of Celano (c 1200Ã, c 1260-1270), has been called "the best of hymns", deserves "supreme admiration". The Latin text below is taken from the Requiem Mass at the Roman Missal of 1962. The first English version below, translated by William Josiah Irons in 1849, replicates the original verse and meter. The second English version is a more formal equivalence.
Offertory
Sanctus
This is the prayer of Sanctus in the Ordinary of the Mass:
Agnus Dei
This is like Agnus Dei in the Ordinary of the Mass, but with the miserere nobis petition turns into dona eis requiem , and dona nobis pacem for dona eis requiem sempiternam :
Communion
From 4 Esdras 2:35 & amp; 34
As mentioned above, there is no Gloria , Alleluia or Credo in this music setting.
Pie Jesu
Some extracts have also been independently organized for music, such as Pie Jesu in Dvo settings? ÃÆ'¡k, FaurÃÆ'Ã… ©, DuruflÃÆ'Â © and John Rutter.
The Pie Jesu consists of the last words of Dies irae followed by the last words of Agnus Dei .
The Musical Requiem settings sometimes include sections of "Absolution at the bier" ("Absolutio ad feretrum") or "Commendation of the dead person" (also known as Absolution of the dead), which in the case this is from the cemetery, following the conclusion of the Mass.
Libera Me
In paradisum
Maps Music for the Requiem Mass
History of music composition
For centuries requiem texts were sung for Gregorian melodies. Johannes Ockeghem's Requiem, written about half a century to the fifteenth, is the longest lasting polyphonic arrangement. There is a setting by the old composer Dufay, perhaps earlier, who is now missing: Ockeghem may be modeled on it. Many early compositions used different texts used in various liturgies throughout Europe before the Council of Trent wrote the texts given above. Requiem Brumel, about 1500, was the first to include Dies IrÃÆ'Â| . In the initial polyphonic setting of the Requiem, there is considerable textural contrast within the composition itself: a simple chordal or fauxbourdon-like part that contrasts with other parts of the contrapuntal complexity, as in Offertory of Ockeghem's Requiem.
In the 16th century, more and more composers set the mass Requiem. Unlike the practice of ordinary Mass, many of these arrangements use the cantus-firm technique, something that has become very ancient in the mid-century. In addition, this arrangement uses texture contrast less than the initial setting by Ockeghem and Brumel, although the vowel score is often richer, for example in the Requiem of six votes by Jean Richafort written for the death of Josquin des Prez. Other composers before 1550 include Pedro de Escobar, Antoine de FÃ © Â © vin, CristÃÆ'³bal Morales, and Pierre de La Rue; that by La Rue is probably the second oldest, after Ockeghem's.
More than 2,000 Requiem compositions have been composed to date. Normally Renaissance arrangements, especially those not written in the Iberian Peninsula, can be done a cappella (ie without the necessary instrumental part), whereas around 1600 composers more often prefer to use instruments to accompany the choir, as well including vocal singers. There is a great variation between the compositions in how many liturgical texts are organized into music.
Most composers remove parts of the liturgical recipes, most often the Graduates and Treaties. Faurà © eliminates Dies irÃÆ'Â| , while the same text is often made by French composers in the previous century as stand-alone works.
Sometimes composers divide liturgical text items into two or more movements; because of the length of the text, Dies irÃÆ'Â| is the most commonly shared piece of text (like Mozart, for example). The Introit and Kyrie , which borders directly in the actual Roman Catholic liturgy, are often composed as one movement.
The musical-thematic relationship between the movements in Requiem can be found as well.
Requiem at concert
Beginning in the 18th century and continuing through the nineteenth century, many composers wrote what was an effective concert work, based on too much strength, or lasting for a considerable duration, preventing them from being ready for use in ordinary funeral services; requiems from Gossec, Berlioz, Verdi, and Dvo? ÃÆ'kk is basically a dramatic concert oratorio. The counter-reaction to this tendency came from the Cecilian movement, which recommended a controlled escort for liturgical music, and frowned at the use of opera solo singers.
Important compositions
Many composers have compiled Requiems. Some of the most famous ones include the following (in chronological order):
- Ockeghem: Requiem , the earliest survival, was written around the middle of the 15th century
- Victoria: The 1603 Requiem, (part of the Longer Offices of the Office)
- Jan Dismas Zelenka: Requiem in D Minor ZWV 48 After Augustus, Strong Circa 1730
- Mozart: Requiem in D minor , K. 626 (1791: Mozart dies before completion; Franz Xaver SÃÆ'¼ssmayr is complete)
- Antonio Salieri: Requiem (1804) (played on his funeral on May 7, 1825)
- Cherubini: Requiem in C minor (1815)
- Berlioz: Grande Messe des morts (1837)
- Brahms: German Requiem , Op. 45, based on the verses of Luther's Bible (1869)
- Verdi: Requiem (1874)
- Dvo? ÃÆ'¡k: Requiem , Op. 89 (1890)
- FaurÃÆ'Â ©: Requiem in D minor , Op. 48 (1890)
- DuruflÃÆ' © © Requiem , Op. 9, based almost exclusively on the song of Graduale Romanum (1947)
- Britten: War Requiem , Op. 66, which combines poems by Wilfred Owen (1962)
- Stravinsky: Requiem Canticles (1966)
- Bernd Alois Zimmermann: Requiem für einen jungen Dichter (1969), which combines the poetic, political and philosophical texts that make up his life
- Penderecki: Polish Requiem (1984, revisions 1993 and 2005)
- Lloyd Webber: Requiem (1985)
- Rutter: Requiem , including Psalm 130, Psalm 23 and the words of the Prayer Book (1985)
- See also: Category: Requiems
Other Composers
Modern treatments
In the twentieth century, requiem evolved in several new directions. Genre War Requiem is perhaps the most prominent; it consists of a composition dedicated to commemorating people who were killed in wartime. These often include extra liturgical poems of pacifist or non-liturgical nature; eg, War Requiem from Benjamin Britten juxtaposing Latin texts with poems Wilfred Owen, Polish Requiem Krzysztof Penderecki incorporating traditional Polish hymns in sequence, and Robert Steadman Mass in Black juxtapose the poetry and prophecy of the environment from Nostradamus. Holocaust Requiem can be considered as a specific part of this type. The World Requiem of John Foulds was written after the First World War and started a memorial festival of the Kingdom of England. Requiem was recently employed by Taiwanese composers Tyzen Hsiao and Fan-Long Ko following this tradition, honoring the victims of the February 28 Incident and the next White Terror.
Finally, the 20th century saw the development of a secular Requiem, written for public performances without certain religious obedience, such as Frederick Delius Requiem , completed in 1916 and dedicated to the "memory of all the young Artisans who fell in battle" Dmitry Kabalevsky's Requiem (Op. 72a, - 1962), a poetry setting written by Robert Rozhdestvensky especially for the composition. Herbert Howells who was not accompanied by the Requiem using Psalm 23 ("God is my shepherd"), Psalm 121 ("I will lift my eyes"), "Salvator mundi" ("O Savior of the world," in English) , "Requiem aeternam" (two different settings), and "I hear a voice from heaven." Some composers have written pure instrumental works with the title requiem , as well-known by Britten's Sinfonia da Requiem . Hans Werner Henze's
Also see
Reference
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments