CyanogenMod ( sy- AN -o-jen-mod ; CM ) is a discontinued open source operating system for mobile devices, based on the Android mobile platform. It was developed as a free and open source software based on Google's official release by Google, by adding original and third-party code, and based on a revolving release development model. Although only a small percentage of the total CyanogenMod users were selected to report their firmware usage, on March 23, 2015, some reports indicate that over 50 million people use CyanogenMod on their phones. It is also often used as a starting point by developers of other ROMs.
In 2013, founder Steve Kondik acquired a venture fund under the name Cyanogen Inc. to enable the commercialization of the project. However, the company does not, in its view, capitalize on the success of the project, and by 2016 it leaves or is forced out as part of a corporate restructuring, involving CEO changes, closing offices and projects, and terminating services, and therefore leaving uncertainty over the company's future. The code itself, being open source, then branched off, and its development continues as a community project under the name LineageOS.
CyanogenMod offers features and options not found in the official firmware distributed by mobile device vendors. Features supported by CyanogenMod include native theme support, FLAC audio codec support, Great Access Point Name list, Privacy Guard (application management per application per application), support for general interface retrieval, CPU overclocking and other upgrades performance, bootloader and removable root access, soft keys, status bar customizations, and other "tablet tweaks", switch to pull-down notifications (such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and GPS), and other interface improvements. CyanogenMod does not contain spyware or bloatware, according to the developer. CyanogenMod is also said to improve performance and reliability compared to official firmware releases.
The name CyanogenMod is derived from cyanogen (the name of the chemical compound adopted as a nickname by Kondik) Mod (a term for user-developed modifications, known as modding).
Video CyanogenMod
History and development
Immediately after the introduction of HTC Dream (named "T-Mobile G1" in the United States) mobile phone in September 2008, a method was found to achieve privileged controls (called "root access") in the Linux-based Linux subsystem. Having root access, combined with the open-source nature of the Android operating system, allows the phone stock firmware to be modified and reinstalled onto the phone.
The following year, the modified firmware for Dream was developed and distributed by Android fans. One, managed by a developer named JesusFreke , became popular among Dream owners. In August 2009, JesusFreke stopped working on its software and advised users to switch to a ROM version that has been further enhanced by developers Cyanogen (the online name used by Steve Kondik, a Samsung software engineer ) is called "CyanogenMod" (a user adaptation often known as modding).
CyanogenMod grew in popularity, and the developer community, called Team CyanogenMod (and informally "Team Douche") contributed. Within a few months, the number of devices and features supported by CyanogenMod bloomed, and CyanogenMod became one of the popular Android firmware distributions.
Similar to many open-source projects, CyanogenMod was developed using a revision control system distributed with an official repository hosted on GitHub. Contributors are submitting new features or bug fixes using Gerrit. Contributions can be tested by anyone, selected up or down by registered users, and eventually accepted into the code by one of several CyanogenMod developers.
The ADW.Launcher version, the alternative launcher (home screen) for the Android operating system, became the default launcher on CyanogenMod 5.0.8. The launcher provides additional features not provided by the default Android launcher, including more customization capabilities (including icon themes, effects, and behavior), the ability to back up and restore configuration settings, and other features. In version 9, CyanogenMod's launcher, Trebuchet, is included with the firmware.
Initially, CyanogenMod releases were awarded on night schedules, milestones, and "stable versions"; on CyanogenMod 11 M6, the "stable" label will no longer be used, has been replaced by a "milestone" M-build that is part of CyanogenMod's revolving release model.
Some unofficial builds for supported devices are listed on the CyanogenMod Wiki.
List of current CyanogenMod versions:
- CyanogenMod 3 (based on Android Cupcake 1.5.x, initial release)
- CyanogenMod 4 (based on Android Cupcake 1.5.x and Android Donut 1.6.x)
- CyanogenMod 5 (based on Android Eclair 2.0/2.1)
- CyanogenMod 6 (based on Android Froyo 2.2.x)
- CyanogenMod 7 (based on Android Gingerbread 2.3.x)
- CyanogenMod 9 (based on Android Ice Cream Sandwich 4.0.x, main UI change)
- CyanogenMod 10 (based on Android Jelly Bean 4.1.x - 4.3.x)
- CyanogenMod 11 (based on Android KitKat 4.4.x)
- CyanogenMod 12 (based on Android Lollipop 5.0.xÃ, - 5.1.x, main UI change)
- CyanogenMod 13 (based on Android Marshmallow 6.0.x)
- CyanogenMod 14.1 (based on Android Nougat 7.1.x)
CyanogenMod 7
CyanogenMod 7 Firmware is based on Android 2.3 Gingerbread with additional custom code contributed by CyanogenMod Team. CyanogenMod custom sections are mainly written by Cyanogen (Steve Kondik) but include contributions from the xda-developer community (such as enhanced launcher trays, dialers, and browsers) and code from predefined open-source projects (such as BusyBox on the skin).
The development of CyanogenMod 7 started when Google released the Android 2.3 source code. On February 15, 2011, the first release candidate CyanogenMod 7 was launched on several supported devices. The fourth release candidate was released on March 30, 2011 and brought increased support for Nook Color and similar devices, as well as many bug fixes. On April 11, 2011, the public version of CyanogenMod 7.0 was released, based on Android 2.3.3. CyanogenMod 7.1 was released on October 10, 2011, based on Android 2.3.4. The latest stable version, CyanogenMod 7.2 was released on June 16, 2012, based on Android 2.3.7, featuring predictive phone dialers, lock screen updates, ICS animation backports, and lots of bug fixes.
CyanogenMod 8
CyanogenMod version 8 is planned to be based on Android 3.x Honeycomb. However, since the source code for Honeycomb is not provided by Google until it appears in the history of the alternate source tree, Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich, the advanced release schedule from CyanogenMod 7 (Gingerbread) directly to CyanogenMod 9 (Ice Cream Sandwich).
CyanogenMod 9
CyanogenMod 9 is based on Google Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich and is the first version of CyanogenMod to use Trebuchet launchers. Steve Kondik and his team have announced that they have started work on a new release after Google released the Android 4.0.1 source code. The development of this release takes longer than the previous release due to the significance of the changes between Android 2.3 "Gingerbread" and 4.0 "Ice Cream Sandwich", and the team took this opportunity to clarify their vision for ROM and rethink any modifications that are no longer needed due to improvements in Android.
In the last days of November 2011, several alpha versions have been distributed, especially for Samsung Nexus S and Galaxy S phones. On August 9, 2012, after various beta and release candidates, CyanogenMod released the final version of CyanogenMod 9. Given that the next version of Android , 4.1 "Jelly Bean", was released at the time, development moved quickly to CyanogenMod 10. On August 29, 2012, CyanogenMod released a small update, version 9.1.0, bringing bug fixes and an application called SimplyTapp for NFC payments.
On April 4, 2012, during development, CyanogenMod launches "Cid" (pronounced /s? D/), the new CyanogenMod mascot, which replaces the previous mascot, Andy skateboard "bugdroid". Designed by Ciao users, Cid (C.I.D.) stands for "Cyanogenmod ID".
CyanogenMod 10
- CyanogenMod 10.0
- In early July 2012, the CyanogenMod team announced, through its Google account, that CyanogenMod 10 would be based on Android 4.1 Jelly Bean. Wake-up CyanogenMod 10 is made available for many devices supported by CyanogenMod 9. Starting with M1 build September 2012, CyanogenMod team started the monthly "M-series" release. At the beginning of each month, soft freezes from the CyanogenMod codebase are enforced; after the team considered the build stable enough for everyday use, it was released under the milestone or the "M" series.
- As of November 13, 2012, a final stable build was released for some devices.
- CyanogenMod 10.1
- CyanogenMod 10.1 is based on Android 4.2 Jelly Bean. The night version is currently being released for various devices, along with M Snapshots (Monthly Snapshots) that are being released for certain devices.
- On June 24, 2013, CyanogenMod 10.1.0 code base (based on Android version 4.2.2) was moved to "stable" status, with the majority of supported devices currently receiving a steady build on the same day. The CyanogenMod developers have indicated that they will continue the Monthly Snapshot schedule to incorporate new features until the next Cyanogenmod release. Unfortunately, many devices that use Samsung Exynos and Nvidia Tegra 2 SoC are not part of the initial release.
- CyanogenMod 10.2
- The first release of the night CyanogenMod 10.2, based on Android 4.3 Jelly Bean, was launched for selected devices on August 14, 2013. This brings several new improvements to the system, such as Bluetooth Low Energy and OpenGLÃ, ESÃ, 3.0, Updated phones, 4K resolution support, and lots of security and stability improvements.
CyanogenMod 11
On November 6, 2013 CyanogenMod team started pushing CyanogenMod 11 code, based on Android 4.4 KitKat, into GitHub. The first night's release CyanogenMod 11.0 was launched for selected devices on December 5, 2013. Since then, M-build has been released monthly for supported devices, offering a more stable experience than nightlies. With M6 build, it is clarified that CyanogenMod will no longer release final builds that are specifically tagged "stable" but will instead use rolling release models with M-build that represent stable channels.
OnePlus One global is shipped with a CyanogenMod 11 M9 variant known as "CyanogenMod 11S". The latest version of CyanogenMod 11S for the One is 11.0-XNPH05Q, based on CyanogenMod 11 M11 and Android 4.4.4 "KitKat", and released as an over-the-air (OTA) update in February 2015.
CyanogenMod 12
CyanogenMod 12's first night release, based on Android 5.0 Lollipop, was launched for selected devices on January 6, 2015. The stable snapshot was released on June 25, 2015, and a security patch snapshot was released on September 1, 2015.
Cyanogen OS 12, CyanogenMod 12 variant for OnePlus One and Yu Yureka was released in April 2015. Yu Yuphoria got Cyanogen OS 12 out-of-the-box when it was launched in May 2015.
- CyanogenMod 12.1
The first night release of CyanogenMod 12.1, based on Android 5.1, was announced on April 16, 2015 . The creation of a stable snapshot was released on September 1, 2015, but waking up every night keeps scrolling every day.
Lenovo ZUK Z1, Wileyfox Swift and Storm get Cyanogen OS 12.1 out-of-the-box when launched in September 2015. Yureka Yureka, Yureka Plus, and Yuphoria get OS 12TA OTA 12.1 Cyanogen updates.
CyanogenMod 13
CyanogenMod 13.0's first night release, based on Android 6.0, was released on November 23, 2015 for a small number of devices, but gradually developed for other devices. A few weeks after the first night release of CyanogenMod 13.0 for Android 6.0, CyanogenMod was given a small update and is based on Android 6.0.1. The first stable building was released in 2016-03-15.
CyanogenMod 14.0
Due to the initial release of Android 7.1, CyanogenMod missed producing a wake-up call for CyanogenMod 14.0. The code was originally written for CyanogenMod 14 selected cherry to branch cm-14.1.
CyanogenMod 14.1
Design the first experiments of Cyanogenmod 14.1 based on Android 7.1 released for Oneplus 3 devices on November 4, 2016. On November 8, 2016, the official game starts for anglers (Huawei Nexus 6P), bullhead (LG Nexus 5X), cancro (Xiaomi Mi3w/Mi4), d855 (LG G3), falcon/peregrine/thea/titan/osprey (variant Moto G), h811/h815 (LG G4), klte/kltedv/kltespr/klteusc/kltevzw (Samsung Galaxy S5), oneplus3 (OnePlus 3), Z00L/Z00T (ZenFone 2). However, there are some typical features of CyanogenMod, and is considered a "work in progress". This version will add multi-window support.
This is the final release to use the name "CyanogenMod".
Maps CyanogenMod
Fork to LineageOS
In December 2016, the CyanogenMod developer group used CyanogenMod code into a new project called LineageOS, built on CyanogenMod versions 13 and 14.1 and used the name LineageOS for the next release. The project is supported by the Community-run LineageOS Project. LineageOS version 15.1 will be the first release that is fully controlled by the new LineageOS team, although it will continue to include many of the common features previously reserved on CyanogenMod.
Cyanogen Inc.
Cyanogen Inc. is a company funded company with offices in Seattle and Palo Alto, California, announced officially in September 2013, aiming to commercialize CyanogenMod. Funding was led by Mitch Lasky from Benchmark and raised $ 7 million. It started when Kirt McMaster approached Steve Kondik on LinkedIn in 2013, to discuss the possibility of commercializing the project.
Commercial controversy
Rumors about plans to commercialize CyanogenMod, as well as the announcement of Cyanogen Inc., lead to a certain level of dispute within the CyanogenMod community. Some developers of CyanogenMod have expressed concern that developers who have given their work in the past are not properly recognized or compensate for their free work on what is now a commercial project, further that the original ethos of the community project is being undermined and that these concerns are not addressed adequate by Cyanogen Inc. Examples include the camera app developer "Focal" Guillaume Lesniak ("xplodwild") whose apps were withdrawn from CyanogenMod allegedly following the demands by the new company to adopt closed source modifications and licenses.
In response, Steve Kondik affirmed his commitment to the public, stating that the majority of CyanogenMod historically did not use the GPL but the Apache license (same license used by Google for Android), and dual licensing is being proposed to offer a "stronger level of protection for contributors... while still offering CM some of the freedom that Apache licenses offer ":
Developers Entropy512 also observe that CyanogenMod is legally bound by its position to make some firmware changes, due to Android licenses and marketing conditions ("CTS provisions"), which specify what apps may and may not do, and this partially awakened by Android developers on Google informally speculatively as a result of CyanogenMod's high-profile perception on the market.
In a blog post 2013 on Cyanogen funding, venture capitalist Mitch Lasky states:
In January 2015, it was reported that Microsoft had invested in Cyanogen, and this might be part of a strategy to create an Android version that works well with Microsoft platforms. In April 2015, Cyanogen announced a strategic partnership with Microsoft, to integrate Microsoft applications and services into the Cyanogen OS. In January 2016, Cyanogen launched an update that started presenting Microsoft applications when users tried to open certain file types on Cyanogen OS phones.
Restructuring and terminating services
Despite the popularity of CyanogenMod as a custom ROM, Cyanogen Inc. failed to persuade the phone company to use its Android version. In July 2016, the company fired about 30 of its 136 staff and management, including its head of products, and closed its offices in Seattle (another office described as "broken"), as part of a strategic change by newly-installed Chief Operating Officer Lior Tal. CEO Kirt McMaster also resigned from his role in October 2016 with Tal becoming CEO at the time, and CyanogenMod founder Steve Kondik is believed to have been removed from the council and left a month later in November 2016.
Media analysis focuses on dubious management decisions at Cyanogen Inc. as part of the reason for failure. In 2014, the company suddenly notified the existing OnePlus partner - who uses CyanogenMod for his mobile and has just launched a model in India - that has reached an exclusive deal that includes India with other suppliers, leading to a fierce separation of their relationship, which is portrayed in the media as "practically screwed" and "betrayed" OnePlus and the "surprisingly childish" movement; OnePlus is prohibited from selling in India as a result. Furthermore, CEO Cyanogen bragged about their intention to replace Google in controlling the Android operating system. Unable to obtain sufficient uptake from his operating system, he then shifted focus and fired the core team and replaced its CEO, before closing its core operating system development operations.
The day after leaving, Steve Kondik wrote a blog post where he stated that in hindsight, he had been trusted and employed the "wrong man", who lacked the same vision, and that he ultimately could not prevent the company's failure and the establishment of a "new team" in its place. He drew attention to his own part in failure, the loss of rights to the name of "CyanogenMod" by the community, and the rift of perception among the Android developers ( "The rest of the ROM community seems to depend heavily on us but simultaneously wants us dead. You fix it? "). He asked the public to consider forking and rebranding the source code, perhaps with some form of crowdfunding based on the underlying popularity of the project.
On December 23, 2016, Cyanogen Inc. announced that it closed the infrastructure behind CyanogenMod. This was soon followed by the news that the main CyanogenMod project would migrate, changing its name to "LineageOS". On December 24, 2016, Head of Developer Relations and administrator of community forum Abhisek Devkota, member of Cyanogen's "core team", wrote that the community has lost its "last support" in the company and its voice in Cyanogen Inc. and the future of the software. He stated that while "that the recent action of [Cyanogen Inc.] is clearly a death blow to CyanogenMod", the public has begun to take the necessary steps to project under a new name and aims to return to its grassroots origins while maintaining professional approach adopted during the Cyanogen era. Due to the negative connotations attached to Cyanogen Inc.'s behavior, as well as the scope of legal disputes, the branched project decided not to use the brand name "Cyanogen" or "CyanogenMod", which, in any case, belongs to the company.
Industrial reaction
Initial responses from tablet manufacturers and smartphones and mobile operators typically do not support the development of third-party devices such as CyanogenMod. Manufacturers express concern about the undue function of devices running unauthorized software and related support costs. In addition, modified firmware such as CyanogenMod sometimes offers features that carriers will charge for premium (for example, tethering). As a result, technical barriers including locked bootloaders and limited access to root permissions are common in many devices.
However, as community-developed software has grown more popular and following a statement by the US Congress Library that allows "jailbreak mobile devices", manufacturers and operators have softened their position with CyanogenMod and other unofficial firmware distributions, with some, including HTC, Motorola, Samsung and Sony Ericsson, provide support and drive development. As a result, in 2011 the need to avoid hardware restrictions to install unofficial firmware was reduced as more devices were shipped with unlocked or unlockable bootloaders, similar to the Nexus phone series. HTC and Motorola device manufacturers announced that they will support aftermarket software developers by making the bootloader of all new devices unlocked, even though this still violates the device warranty. Samsung sent several Galaxy S II phones to the CyanogenMod team with the goal of bringing CyanogenMod to the device, and T-Mobile US mobile carrier voiced its support for the CyanogenMod project, tweeting "the incredible CM7!".
Mobile phone manufacturers have also released an unlocked "developer edition" phone.
License
Until version 4.1.11.1, CyanogenMod includes proprietary software applications provided by Google, such as Gmail, Maps, Android Market (now known as the Play Store), Talk (now Hangouts), and YouTube, as well as proprietary hardware drivers. These packages are included with the Android vendor distribution, but are not licensed for free distribution. After Google sent cease and desist letters to major CyanogenMod developers, Steve Kondik, at the end of September 2009 demanding he stop distributing the previously mentioned apps, the development halted for several days. The reaction of many CyanogenMod users against Google is hostile, with some claiming that Google's legal threats harm their own interests, breaking their informal corporate motto "Do not be evil" and a challenge to the open-source community that Google claims as a hug.
Following a statement from Google clarifying its position and subsequent negotiations between Google and Cyanogen, it was decided that the CyanogenMod project would continue, in a form not directly grouped under the exclusive "Google Experience" component. It has been determined that an exclusive Google app may be backed up from Google-provided firmware on mobile and then reassembled to CyanogenMod release without infringing copyright.
On September 28, 2009, Cyanogen warned that while the issue is no longer on Google, there are still licensing issues that may be related to closed source device drivers. On September 30th, 2009, Cyanogen posted an update on this issue. Kondik writes that he is rebuilding the source tree, and that he believes licensing problems with drivers can be solved. He added that he also received help from Google employees. On June 16, 2012, the release announcement of CyanogenMod 7.2 states: "CyanogenMod still includes a variety of hardware-specific codes, which are also slowly being open-sourced."
Replicant is a CyanogenMod fork that removes all proprietary software and drivers and thus avoids all the legal issues mentioned above. However, Replicant does not support devices that rely on proprietary drivers, which are mostly mobile phones by 2016.
Version history
Cyanogen OS
Cyanogen develops commercially operating systems that have been pre-installed on several devices (OnePlus One, YU Yureka, YU Yuphoria, Q Andromax, BQ Aquaris X5, Lenovo ZUK Z1, Swift Wileyfox, Wileyfox Storm, Miratel ONETOUCH POP Mirage) based on CyanogenMod source code.
Cyanogen OS is often distributed with additional bundled ownership applications such as the Google Play ecosystem, and a unique software suite for Cyanogen OS known as C-Apps. CyanogenMod is not included by default, but users can get it separately if they want.
Initially distinguished from suffix -S (CyanogenMod 11S) , with version 12 Cyanogen renamed the custom offer as Cyanogen OS . Cyanogen started pushing Cyanogen OS 13 based on Android 6.0.1 to OnePlus One OTA phone on April 9, 2016 phase wise with code name ZNH0EAS26M. CyanogenMod can be installed on Cyanogen OS devices.
Difference between CyanogenMod and Cyanogen OS
Supported devices
CyanogenMod officially supports a large number of devices, including most Nexus and Google Play Edition devices. It provides SNAPSHOT (stable) and NIGHTLY builds for more than 150 devices (in the development branch).
See also
References
External links
- Official website (Archived December 24, 2016 at the Wayback Machine.)
- See also archived unauthorized wikis and archived lists of supported devices)
- Unofficial archive of CyanogenMod is created
- The CyanogenMod mirror builds the archive
- Official website for OTA launch status
- Android Open Source Project
- Steve Kondik on CyanogenMod Project on YouTube
- Cyanogen Confirms the Difference Between Commercial Cyanogen OS and CyanogenMod, November 13, 2014
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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