The country code top level domain ( ccTLD ) is the top-level Internet domain commonly used or reserved for countries, sovereign states or dependent territories identified by country code.
All ASCII ccTLD identifiers have a two-letter length, and all two-letter upper-level domains are ccTLD. In 2010, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) began implementing top-level domains of internationalized country codes, which consist of native language characters when displayed in end-user applications. The creation and delegation of ccTLD is described in RFC 1591, in accordance with the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 state code.
Video Country code top-level domain
Jenis
Starting 2015, IANA distinguishes the following groups from top level domains:
- top-level infrastructure (ARPA) domains
- the generic top-level domain (gTLD)
- the top-level delimited domain (grTLD)
- sponsor top level domains (sTLD)
- country level topcode (ccTLD) domain
- test top level domain (tTLD)
Maps Country code top-level domain
Delegation and management
IANA is responsible for determining the appropriate guardian for each ccTLD. Administration and control are then delegated to the guardian, who is responsible for the policies and operations of the domain. The current delegate can be determined from the IANA ccTLD list. Individual CcTLDs may have various requirements and fees for registering subdomains. There may be local attendance requirements (for example, citizenship or other connections to ccTLD), such as, for example, Canadian (ca) and German (de) domains, or registration may be open.
History
The first registered CcTLDs were.us,.uk, and.il, all registered in 1985. In 1986,.au,.de,.fi,.fr,.jp,.kr,.nl, and.se registered.
Relation to ISO 3166-1
The IANA is not in the business of deciding what and what is not a country. The selection of the ISO 3166 list as the basis for the country level top level domain names is made with the knowledge that ISO has procedures to determine which entities should and should not be on that list.
Unused ISO 3166-1 code
Almost all of the current ISO 3166-1 codes have been defined and are actually in DNS. However, some of them are not used effectively. In particular, ccTLD for Norwegian dependence Bouvet Island ( bv ) and Svalbard and Jan Mayen's appointments ( sj ) do exist in DNS, but no subdomains are defined, and Norid policy not to set it at this time. Two regions of France - bl (Saint BarthÃÆ' Â © lemy) and mf (Saint Martin) - are still awaiting local assignment by the French government.
The eh code, although qualifies as ccTLD for Western Sahara, has never been set and is not in DNS. Only one subdomain is still listed in gb (ISO 3166-1 for Great Britain), and no new registration is accepted for it. Sites in the UK generally use uk (see below).
Former ccTLD for the US Minor Outlying Islands was removed in April 2008. Based on RFC 1591 rules,.um qualifies as ccTLD upon request by relevant government agencies and local Internet user communities.
ASCII ccTLDs not in ISO 3166-1
Some ASCII ccTLDs are in use which are not ISO 3166-1 two-letter codes. Some of these codes are specified in older versions of the ISO list.
- uk (English): ISO 3166-1 code for United Kingdom is GB. However, the JANET network has chosen uk as the top level identifier for the pre-existing Name Registration Scheme, and this is put in the root of the DNS. gb is assigned to the purpose of transition, but this never happened and the use of uk is now entrenched.
- su This outdated ISO 3166 code for the Soviet Union was established when the Soviet Union was still there; In addition, the new registration su is accepted.
- ac (Ascension Island): This code is the remnant of the IANA decision in 1996 to allow the use of reserved codes in the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 reserve list for use by Universal Postal Unity. The decision was then reversed, with Ascension Island now the only one out. (The other three ccTLDs, gg (Guernsey), im (Isle of Man) and je (Jersey) also fall into this category from 1996 until they received the appropriate ISO 3166 code in March 2006.)
- eu (European Union): On 25 September 2000, ICANN decided to allow the use of a two-letter code in the reserved reserve list 3166-1 ISO for all purposes. Only the EU currently meets this criterion. After a decision by the EU Telecommunication Ministerial Council in March 2002, its development was slow, but the registry (named EURid) was selected by the European Commission, and the criteria for allocation were set: ICANN approved eu as ccTLD, and opened for registration on 7 December 2005 for previous rights holders. Since 7 April 2006, registration is open to all.
Historical ccTLDs
There are three ccTLDs deleted after the corresponding 2-letter code is withdrawn from ISO 3166-1: cs (for Czechoslovakia), zr (for Zaire) and tp (for East Timor). There may be a significant delay between withdrawal from ISO 3166-1 and deletion from DNS; for example, ZR ceased to be ISO 3166-1 in 1997, but zr ccTLD was not removed until 2001. Other ccTLDs associated with outdated ISO 3166-1 codes have not been deleted. In some cases they may never be deleted because the amount of this disturbance will cause the ccTLD being widely used. Specifically, the ccTLD of the USSR su remained in use for more than twenty years after SU was removed from ISO 3166-1.
The historical country code dd for the German Democratic Republic and yd for South Yemen is eligible for ccTLD, but not allocated; see also de and you .
The temporary redirect of the cs (Serbian and Montenegrin) country code to split into rs and me (Serbia and Montenegro, respectively) caused some controversy about the stability of the ISO 3166-1 country code, resulting in the second edition of ISO 3166-1 in 2007 with the assurance that the pension code will not be reassigned for at least 50 years, and replacing RFC 3066 by RFC 4646 for the country code used in the language tags of the year 2006.
The previous ISO 3166-1 code for Yugoslavia, YU, was removed by ISO in 2003-07-23, but ccTLD yu remained in operation. Finally, after a two-year transition to Serbia rs and Montenegrin me , the.yu domain was discontinued in March 2010.
Australia was originally coded oz , which was later changed to au with the domain .oz transferred to .oz.au .
internationally ccTLD
The top-level domain of the internationalized country code (ccTLD IDN) is a top-level domain with a custom-encoded domain name that appears in the end-user application, such as a web browser, in the script or the original language alphabet, such as the Arabic alphabet, or a non- alphabetically, like Chinese characters. IDN ccTLDs is an application of an internationalized domain name system (IDN) to a top-level Internet domain assigned to countries, or independent geographical regions.
ICANN began accepting applications for IDN ccTLD in November 2009, and installed the first set into the Domain Name System in May 2010. The first set is a group of Arabic names for the countries of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. As of May 2010, 21 countries have applied to ICANN, representing 11 languages.
ICANN requires all potential international TLDs to use at least one letter that does not resemble Latin letters, or have at least three letters, in an attempt to avoid IDN homograph attacks. International domain names will also not look like other domain names, even if they have different alphabets. Between Cyrillic and Greek alphabets, for example, this can happen.
Unconventional use
Restriction of registration in certain CCTLD has resulted in various domain hacks. Domain names like I.am , tip.it , start.at and go.to are well formed- known English phrases, while others combine second-level domains and ccTLD to form a single word or title, create domains like blo.gs from South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( gs ), youtu.be from Belgium ( be ), del.icio.us from the United States ( us ), and cr.yp.to from Tonga ( to ). The Colombian .co domain has been cited since 2010 as a potential competitor for generic TLDs for commercial use, as this may be an abbreviation for companies .
Some ccTLD allows creation of emoji domains.
Some ccTLD can also be used for typosquatting. The cm domain of Cameroon has aroused interest because of the possibility that people will miss typing the letters o for the site at com .
Commercial use
Some of the world's smallest countries and non-state or colonial entities with their own country codes have opened their TLDs for commercial use around the world, some of which are free like.tk.
See also
- List of ccTLDs
- The top-level domain country code with commercial license
- gccTLD
- Second-level country code domains
Notes and references
External links
Associated website
- IANA TLD List - official site
- World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Domain name dispute resolution
- Top-Level Domain Name Alliances
- Norid: Worldwide domain name registrar
- ccTLD and TLD analysis of multiple Zone files
- Supporting Organization Name of ICANN Country Code (ccNSO)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments