Microsoft PowerPoint (or just PowerPoint ) is a presentation program, created by Robert Gaskins and Dennis Austin at a software company called Forethought, Inc. This device was released on April 20, 1987, originally only for Macintosh computers. Microsoft acquired PowerPoint for $ 14 million three months after it emerged. This is Microsoft's first significant acquisition, and Microsoft is forming a new business unit for PowerPoint in Silicon Valley where Forethought has been discovered. Microsoft PowerPoint is one of many programs run by Microsoft companies and can be identified by its trademark orange, and the initial P on the logo. It offers users many ways to display information from simple presentations to complex multimedia presentations.
PowerPoint became a component of the Microsoft Office suite, first offered in 1989 for the Macintosh and in 1990 for Windows, which bundled several Microsoft applications. Beginning with PowerPoint 4.0 (1994), PowerPoint is integrated into Microsoft Office development, and adopts common shared components and converged user interfaces.
The market share of PowerPoint was very small at first, before introducing the version for Microsoft Windows, but growing rapidly with the growth of Windows and Office. Since the late 1990s, the market share of PowerPoint presentation software in the world is estimated at 95 percent.
PowerPoint was originally designed to provide visuals for group presentations in business organizations, but has become very widely used in many other communication situations, both in business and outside. The impact of wider use of PowerPoint has been experienced as a powerful change throughout society, with strong reactions including suggestions that should be used less, should be used differently, or should be better used.
The first PowerPoint version (Macintosh 1987) is used to generate overhead transparency, the second (Macintosh 1988, Windows 1990) can also produce 35mm color slides. The third version (Windows and Macintosh 1992) introduces virtual video slideshow output to digital projectors, which will replace completely the overall time replacing physical transparencies and slides. A dozen major versions since then have added many additional features and modes of operation and have made PowerPoint available beyond Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows, adding versions for iOS, Android, and web access.
Video Microsoft PowerPoint
Histori
Penciptaan di Forethought (1984-1987)
PowerPoint was created by Robert Gaskins and Dennis Austin on a software startup in Silicon Valley called Forethought, Inc. Forethought was established in 1983 to create an integrated environment and application for future personal computers that will provide graphical user interface, but has run in trouble requiring a "restart" and a new plan.
On July 5, 1984, Forethought hired Robert Gaskins as vice president of product development to create a new application that would be a perfect fit for new personal graphics computers, such as Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh. Gaskins produced an early description of PowerPoint about a month later (August 14, 1984) in the form of a 2-page document entitled "Presentation Graphics for Overhead Projection." In October 1984, Gaskins had chosen Dennis Austin as the developer for PowerPoint. Gaskins and Austin worked together on the definition and design of new products for almost a year, and produced the first specification document dated August 21, 1985. This first design document shows the product as will be seen in Microsoft Windows 1.0, which at that time has not been released yet.
The development of the specification was started by Austin in November 1985, for the first Macintosh. About six months later, on May 1, 1986, Gaskins and Austin chose the second developer to join the project, Thomas Rudkin. Gaskins prepared two marketing documents of the final product specification in June 1986; these are described products for Macintosh and Windows. At around the same time, Austin, Rudkin, and Gaskins produced the second and final major design specification documents, this time showing the Macintosh display.
During this development period the product was called "Presenter." Then, just before the release, there was a last minute check with Forethought's lawyer to register the name as a trademark, and "Presenter" was unexpectedly denied because it was already used by someone else. Gaskins said that he thought of "PowerPoint", based on the product goal of "empowering" the individual presenter, and sending the name to a lawyer for permission, while all the documentation was quickly revised.
Funding to complete the development of PowerPoint was secured in mid-January 1987, when a new Apple computer venture capital fund, called Apple's Strategic Investment Group, chose PowerPoint as its first investment. A month later, on February 22, 1987, Forethought announced PowerPoint at the Personal Computers Forum in Phoenix; John Sculley, CEO of Apple, appeared in the announcement and said, "We see desktop presentations as a potentially larger market for Apple than desktop publishing."
PowerPoint 1.0 for Macintosh was shipped from the factory on April 20, 1987, and the first production of 10,000 units was sold out.
Acquisition by Microsoft (1987-1992)
In early 1987, Microsoft began planning new applications to create presentations, an event headed by Jeff Raikes, who is head of marketing for the Application Division. Microsoft assigned an internal group to write specifications and to plan a new presentation product. They pondered acquisitions to speed up development, and by early 1987 Microsoft sent a letter of ability to get a product called Dave Winer MORE, a program outlining that could print lines as a bullet graph. During this preparatory work, Raikes found that a special program for creating overhead presentations has been developed by Forethought, Inc., and is nearing completion. Raikes and others visited Forethought on February 6, 1987, for a secret demonstration.
Raikes then recounts his reaction to seeing PowerPoint and his report about it to Bill Gates, who was initially skeptical:
I think, "software to do overhead - that's a good idea." I went back to see Bill. I said, "Bill, I think we really have to do this;" and Bill said, "No, no, no, no, no, it's just a Microsoft Word feature, just enter Word."... And I kept saying, "Bill, no, it's not just a Microsoft Word feature, it's an overall genre of how people make this presentation." And, to his credit, he listens to me and ultimately allows me to go forward and... buy this company in Silicon Valley named Forethought, for a product known as PowerPoint.
When PowerPoint was released by Forethought, the press was initially profitable; Wall Street Journal reports on the initial reaction: " 'I see one product a year that gets me excited,' says Amy Wohl, a consultant at Bala Cynwyd, Pa. 'People will buy a Macintosh just to gain access to this product. ' "
On April 28, 1987, a week after shipment, a group of senior Microsoft executives spent another day in Forethought to hear about early PowerPoint sales on the Macintosh and plans for Windows. The next day, Microsoft sent a letter to Dave Winer who revoked the letter of intent initially to acquire his company, and in mid-May 1987 Microsoft sent a letter of intent to acquire Forethought. As requested in the letter of ability, Robert Gaskins of Forewear went to Redmond for a one-on-one meeting with Bill Gates in early June, 1987, and at the end of July an agreement was agreed upon for the acquisition. The New York Times reported:
... July 30 - Microsoft Corporation announces the first significant software acquisition today, paying $ 14 million [$ 30.2 million in current terms] to Forethought Inc. from Sunnyvale, Calif. Forecasts create a program called PowerPoint that allows Apple Macintosh computer users to create overhead transparencies or flip charts.... [T] her acquisition of Forethought was the first significant for Microsoft, based in Redmond, Wash. Thought will remain in Sunnyvale, giving Microsoft a Silicon Valley presence. This unit will be led by Robert Gaskins, vice president of Foreought product development.
Microsoft President Jon Shirley offers Microsoft motivation for acquisition: " 'We made this deal primarily because of our belief in desktop presentation as a product category.... Forethought first marketed with products in this category. ' "
Microsoft is managing in its Application Division an independent "Graphic Business Unit" to develop and market PowerPoint, the first Microsoft application group away from major Redmond locations. Everyone PowerPoint from the Initiative joins Microsoft, and the new location is led by Robert Gaskins, with Dennis Austin and Thomas Rudkin leading the development. PowerPoint 1.0 for Macintosh has been modified to show Microsoft's new ownership and continue to be sold.
A new PowerPoint 2.0 for Macintosh, adding 35mm color slides, appeared in mid-1988, and once again received good reviews. The same PowerPoint 2.0 product was redeveloped for Windows shipped two years later, in mid 1990, at the same time as Windows 3.0. Most color technology is the fruit of a joint development partnership with Genigraphics, at the time the dominant presentation service company.
PowerPoint 3.0, which was shipped in 1992 for Windows and Mac, added live video to projectors and monitors, with the result that PowerPoint was then used to deliver presentations and to prepare them. This is initially an alternative to overhead transparency and 35mm slides, but over time will replace it.
Part of Microsoft Office (since 1993)
PowerPoint has been included in Microsoft Office from the beginning. PowerPoint 2.0 for Macintosh was part of the first Office bundle for Macintosh offered in mid 1989. When PowerPoint 2.0 for Windows came into existence, a year later, it was part of a similar Office bundle for Windows, offered in late 1990. Both were promotional bundling, at where independent apps are packaged together and offered for a lower amount. price.
PowerPoint 3.0 (1992) is again specified and developed separately, and is clearly advertised and sold separately from Office. That, as before, is included in Microsoft Office 3.0, both for Windows and versions suitable for Macintosh.
A plan to integrate the applications itself more closely was indicated in early February 1991, towards the end of the development of PowerPoint 3.0, in an internal memo by Bill Gates:
Another important question is how much part of our app sales from time to time will be a set of apps versus one product.... Please assume that we continue to lead in integrating our families together in evaluating our future strategy - the product team WILL make this happen.... I believe that we should position "OFFICE" as our most important application.
The move from separate product bundling to integrated development begins with PowerPoint 4.0, developed in 1993-1994 under new management from Redmond. The PowerPoint Group in Silicon Valley is reorganized from an independent "Graphics Business Unit" (GBU) to become a "Graphics Products Unit" (GPU) for Office, and PowerPoint 4.0 is modified to adopt a converged user interface and other components shared with other applications in Office.
When released, the computer press reportedly approved the changes: "PowerPoint 4.0 has been reengineered from the ground up to resemble and work with the latest apps in Office: Word 6.0, Excel 5.0, and Access 2.0.Integration is excellent, you should look twice for ensuring you run PowerPoint instead of Word or Excel. "Office integration is further underlined in the next version, PowerPoint 95, which is versioned with PowerPoint 7.0 (skipping 5.0 and 6.0) so that all Office components will share the same primary version number.
Although PowerPoint at this point has become part of the integrated Microsoft Office product, its development remains in Silicon Valley. The PowerPoint version successfully introduced important changes, especially version 12.0 (2007) that has a very different Office "ribbon" user interface, and the new Office XML-based Office file format. It marks the 20th anniversary of PowerPoint, and Microsoft holds an event to commemorate that anniversary at the Silicon Valley Campus for the PowerPoint team there. Special guests were Robert Gaskins, Dennis Austin, and Thomas Rudkin, and the main speaker was Jeff Raikes, all from PowerPoint 1.0 days, 20 years earlier.
Since then the main development of PowerPoint as part of the Office continues. The new development technique (shared in Office) for PowerPoint 2016 has enabled the delivery of PowerPoint 2016 versions for Windows, Mac, iOS, Android, and web access almost simultaneously, and to release new features in almost monthly schedules. PowerPoint development is still done in Silicon Valley in 2017.
In 2010, Jeff Raikes, who recently became President of the Microsoft Business Division (including responsibility for Office), observed: "Of course, today we know that PowerPoint is often number two - or in some cases even number one - most commonly used tools "between applications in Office.
Initial sales of PowerPoint about 40,000 copies were sold in 1987 (nine months), about 85,000 copies in 1988, and about 100,000 copies in 1989, all for the Macintosh. PowerPoint's market share in the first three years is a small part of the total presentation market, which is heavily dominated by MS-DOS applications on PCs. The market leader at MS-DOS in 1988-1989 was Harvard Graphics (introduced by Software Publishing in 1986) in the first place, and Lotus Freelance Plus (also introduced in 1986) as a strong second. They compete with more than a dozen other MS-DOS presentation products, and Microsoft has not developed a PowerPoint version for MS-DOS. After three years, PowerPoint sales disappoint. Jeff Raikes, who has purchased PowerPoint for Microsoft, then remembers: "In 1990, it seems that it was not a very smart idea [for Microsoft has acquired PowerPoint], because not many people are using PowerPoint."
This began to change when the first version for Windows, PowerPoint 2.0, brought sales up to about 200,000 copies in 1990 and to about 375,000 copies in 1991, with the Windows unit beating the Macintosh. PowerPoint sold about 1 million copies in 1992, about 80 percent for Windows and about 20 percent for the Macintosh, and in 1992 PowerPoint's market share for worldwide graphic presentation software sales was reported at 63 percent. In the last six months of 1992, PowerPoint revenues run at a rate of more than $ 100 million per year ($ 215 million in contemporary terms).
PowerPoint 3.0 sales doubled to about 2 million copies in 1993, where about 90 percent for Windows and about 10 percent for the Macintosh, and in 1993 PowerPoint's market share for worldwide graphic presentation software sales was reported at 78 percent. In two years, about half of total revenue comes from sales outside the US.
In 1997, PowerPoint sales doubled, to over 4 million copies annually, representing 85 percent of the world market. Also in 1997, an internal publication of the PowerPoint group said that at the time over 20 million copies of PowerPoint were in use, and that the total revenue from PowerPoint during the first ten years (1987 to 1996) had exceeded $ 1 billion.
Since the late 1990s, PowerPoint's share of the world's total presentation software is estimated at 95 percent by both industry and academic sources.
Maps Microsoft PowerPoint
Operation
The earliest versions of PowerPoint (1987 for Macintosh) can be used to print black and white pages to be photocopied onto transparent sheet films for projections of overhead projectors, and for printing speaker notes and audience handouts; the next version (1988 for Macintosh, 1990 for Windows) was extended to also produce a 35mm color slide by communicating files via modem to the Genigraphic imaging center with slides returned by overnight delivery for projections from the slide projector. PowerPoint is used to plan and prepare presentations, but not to transmit them (other than preview them on a computer screen, or distribute copies of printed paper). PowerPoint operations change substantially in the third version (1992 for Windows and Macintosh), when PowerPoint is extended to also deliver presentations by generating live video output to digital projectors or large monitors. In 1992, video presentation projection was rare and expensive, and practically unknown from laptop computers. Robert Gaskins, one of PowerPoint's creators, said he publicly demonstrated the use for the first time at a major Microsoft meeting held in Paris on February 25, 1992, using an unreleased development development in PowerPoint 3.0 running in early pre-production examples of powerful new color laptops and feed video projector professional auditorium.
Around 2003, ten years later, digital projection has become the dominant mode of use, replacing 35mm transparencies and slides and their projectors. As a result, the meaning of "PowerPoint presentations" narrows to digital specific projection:
... in the business lexicon, "PowerPoint presentations" have come to refer to presentations created using the PowerPoint slides projected from the computer. Although PowerPoint software has been used to generate transparency for more than a decade, this usage is not normally covered by a common understanding of the term.
In contemporary operations, PowerPoint is used to create files (called "presentations" or "decks") that contain the order of pages (called "slides" in the app) that usually have a consistent style (from master templates), and which can contain imported information from other applications or created in PowerPoint, including text, bulleted lists, tables, charts, drawn shapes, images, audio clips, video clips, animated elements, and animated transitions between slides, plus attached notes for each slide.
Once such a file is created, a typical operation is to present it as a slide show using a portable computer, where the presentation file is stored on a computer or available from the network, and the computer screen shows the "viewer present" with the current slide. , next slide, speaker notes for current slides, and other information. The video is sent from the computer to one or more projectors or an external digital monitor, only displaying the current slide to the audience, in a sequence controlled by the speaker on the computer. The smartphone remote control is integrated into PowerPoint for iOS (optionally controlled from Apple Watch) and for Android allows the presenter to control the show from elsewhere in the room.
In addition to computer slides projected onto a live audience by speakers, PowerPoint can be used to deliver presentations in a number of other ways:
- Is displayed on the computer screen or on the presentation tablet (for very small groups)
- Printed for distribution as a paper document (in some formats)
- Distributed as a file for private viewing, even on computers without PowerPoint
- Packaged for distribution on CD or network, including embedded and embedded data
- Casted as live presentation via web
- Embedding in a web page or blog
- Shared on social networks like Facebook or Twitter
- Set up as a self-directed view
- Recorded as video/audio (H.264/AAC), to be distributed as for other videos
Several ways of using this PowerPoint have been studied by JoAnne Yates and Wanda Orlikowski of MIT Sloan School of Management:
The standard form of such a presentation involves one person standing in front of a group of people, talking and using PowerPoint slideshows to project visual aids onto the screen.... But in practice, presentations are not always delivered in this mode. In our study, we often find that presenters sit at tables with a small group of people and lead them through a "deck", consisting of paper copies of slides. In some cases, decks are only distributed to individuals, even without a way or discussion.... Other variations in form include sending PowerPoint files electronically to other sites and talking via slides via audio or video channels (eg, phone or video conferencing) as both sides view the slide.... Another common variation is to place a PowerPoint file on a website so people can see at different times.
They found that some ways to use PowerPoint can affect the content of a presentation, for example when "the slide itself should bring more substance to the presentation, and thus require far more content than they would have if they were meant to be projected by an orally spoken speaker will provide additional details and nuances about content and context. "
Cultural impact
PowerPoint, more than most other personal computer applications, has been experienced as a major force that generates change across society. In 2016, an analyst concludes: "the real mystery is... 'how almost every organization in the world uses PowerPoint to communicate almost everything to almost everyone?'" That's the real question: How can PowerPoint be everywhere? "
Business use
PowerPoint was originally targeted only for business presentations. Robert Gaskins, in charge of his design, has written about the intended customer: "... I am not targeting other large groups of presentation users, such as school teachers or military officers.... I also do not plan to target people who not an existing presentation user... like a priest and a schoolgirl.... Our focus is purely on business users, in small and large companies, from one person to the largest multinational company. "Business people have long made presentations for sales calls and for internal company communications, and PowerPoint produces the same format in the same style and for the same purpose.
The use of PowerPoint in business grew during the first five years (1987-1992) to sales of about 1 million copies per year, for a world market share of 63 percent. Over the next five years (1992-1997) PowerPoint sales increased, to about 4 million copies annually, for a worldwide market share of 85 percent. An increase in business use has been associated with a "network effect," in which additional PowerPoint users in a company or industry increase their meaning and value to other users.
Not everyone immediately approves the use of PowerPoint for larger presentations, even in business. Very early CEOs were reported to prevent or disallow PowerPoint presentations at internal business meetings including Lou Gerstner (at IBM, in 1993), Scott McNealy (at Sun Microsystems, in 1996), and Steve Jobs (at Apple, in 1997). Nevertheless, Rich Gold, a scholar who studies the use of corporate presentations at Xerox PARC, was able to write in 1999: "In today's company, if you want to communicate an idea... you're using PowerPoint."
Using outside the business
At the same time that PowerPoint is becoming dominant in business settings, it is also adopted for outside use of business: "Personal computing... enhances presentation production... The result is the emergence of presentation culture.
In 1998, roughly at the same time as Gold recited PowerPoint's expertise in business, Bell Labs' influential engineer Robert W. Lucky was able to write about wider usage:
... the world has been raging with the power of carefree presentation graphics. New languages ​​are in the air, and codified in PowerPoint.... In the family discussions on what to do on a particular night, for example, I feel like pulling out my laptop and giving a Vugraph presentation.... In church I was surprised that preachers have not been caught.... How can we go so long without PowerPoint?
Over a decade or so, beginning in the mid-1990s, PowerPoint began to be used in many communication situations, far beyond the use of the original business presentation, to include teaching in schools and universities, teaching in scientific meetings (and preparing for their poster sessions) ), worshiping in churches, making legal arguments in the courtroom, showing titles in theaters, riding on display mounted on helicopters in space for NASA astronauts, giving military briefings, issuing government reports, conducting diplomatic negotiations, writing novels, giving architectural demonstrations , create website design prototypes, create animated video games, create art projects, and even as a substitute for technical engineering report writing, and as an organizing tool for writing general business documents.
In 2003, PowerPoint seems to be used everywhere. Julia Keller reports for Chicago Tribune :
PowerPoint... is one of the most pervasive and widespread technology tools everywhere. In less than a decade, it has revolutionized the world of business, education, science, and communication, quickly becoming the standard for anyone who wants to explain anything to anyone. From the company's middle managers who reported production goals to the 4th graders who made the show and told of the French and Indian Wars to the pastor of the church who described seven deadly sins... PowerPoint seems ready to rule the world.
Cultural reactions
As widespread, the cultural awareness of PowerPoint grew and comments about it began to emerge. "With the widely adopted adoption of PowerPoint complaints... it is often a very general statement that reflects dissatisfaction with modern media and communication practices as well as the dysfunction of organizational culture." Indications of this grief include the increased use of PowerPoint in the Dilbert strip comic strip from Scott Adams, a parody of comics of poor or inappropriate use like the Gettysburg Address in PowerPoint or a summary of Shakespeare Hamlet and Nabokov's Lolita in PowerPoint, and a large number of publications on the general subject of PowerPoint, especially on how to use it.
Of all the PowerPoint analyzes over a quarter of a century, at least three common themes emerged as categories of reactions to their wider use: (1) "Use less": avoid PowerPoint in favor of alternatives, such as using more-complex graphics and written prose, or not use anything; (2) "Use differently": make big changes to the more simple and pictorial PowerPoint styles, change the presentation to performance, more like Steve Jobs's keynote; and (3) "Use better": keep a lot of conventional PowerPoint styles but learn to avoid making many types of errors that can interfere with communication.
Use less
The initial reaction is the wider use of PowerPoint is an error, and should be reversed. This influential example comes from Edward Tufte, an information design expert, who has been professor of political science, statistics, and computer science at Princeton and Yale, but best known for his self-published books on data visualization, which have sold almost 2 million copies by 2014.
In 2003, he published a widely read booklet called Cognitive Style from PowerPoint, which was revised in 2006. Tufte found a number of problems with PowerPoint's "cognitive style", many of which are associated with default style templates standard:
The convenience of PowerPoint for some expensive presenters for content and audience. This cost arises from the cognitive style characteristics of the standard standard PP presentation: for refreshing evidence and thought, low spatial resolution, highly hierarchical single-path structure as a model for organizing any type of content, breaking up narration and data into slides and minimal fragments, fast temporal sequences of thin information rather than focused spatial analysis, striking chartjunk and PP Phluff, branding slides with logotypes, preoccupation with non-content formats, incompetent designs for charts and data tables, and scary commercialism that transformed information into sales promotions and the presenter becomes marketeers [italics in original language] .
Tufte specifically advised against using PowerPoint to report scientific analysis, using dramatic samples of several slides made during the shuttle flight of Columbia after suffering accidental damage during takeoff, a slide that badly communicates the engineers' limited understanding of what has happened. happen. For such technical presentations, and for most occasions other than the initial domain of sales presentations, Tufte advises against using PowerPoint altogether; in many situations, according to Tufte, it would be better to replace high-resolution images or concise prose documents as a flyer for the audience to learn and discuss, giving more detail.
Many commentators enthusiastically joined Tufte's sharp critique of the use of PowerPoint, and at a conference held in 2013 (a decade after the Tufte booklet appeared) one paper claimed that "Despite all the criticisms of his work, Tufte can be considered the single most influential author. in the discourse in PowerPoint.... Although his approach is not strictly from a research perspective, his article receives broad resonance with the wider community... "There are also others who disagree with Tufte's claim that the PowerPoint program reduces the quality of the presenter's thinking: Steven Pinker, professor of psychology at MIT and then Harvard, previously argued that "If anything, PowerPoint, if used properly, ideally will reflect the way we think." Pinker then reinforces this point: "Any general opposition to PowerPoint is just stupid, - before any terrible PowerPoint presentation, there are many scripts written, lectures without a script, slide shows, lime lectures, and so forth. "
Most of the early comments, on all sides, are "informal" and "anecdotal", because empirical research is limited.
Use it differently
The second reaction to the use of PowerPoint is to say that PowerPoint can be used well, but only by substantially changing its style of use. This reaction is exemplified by Richard E. Mayer, a professor of psychology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, who has studied cognition and learning, especially multimedia education design, and has published more than 500 publications, including over 30 books. Mayer's theme is that "Given science, it is up to us to make fundamental changes in our thinking - we can no longer expect people to struggle to try to adapt to our PowerPoint habits, but instead we have to change our PowerPoint habits to fit the way people learn. "
Tufte argues his judgment that the text information density on the PowerPoint slides is too low, maybe just 40 words on the slide, leading to an overly simplified message; Mayer responds that his empirical research shows the reverse, that the amount of text on a PowerPoint slide is usually too high, and even less than 40 words on the slide result in "PowerPoint overload" that impedes understanding during the presentation.
Mayer suggests some major changes from the traditional PowerPoint format:
- replace the short slide title with a longer "title" that expressed the complete idea;
- show more slides but simpler ones;
- delete almost any text including almost any bulleted list (save text for oral narration);
- use bigger, higher quality, and more important graphics and photos;
- delete all unfamiliar decorations, backgrounds, logos, and identifiers, all but important messages.
Mayer's idea, claimed by Carmine Gallo, has been reflected in Steve Jobs's presentation: "Mayer outlines the basic principles of multimedia design based on what scientists know about cognitive functionality." Steve Jobs's slides stick to every Mayer's principle. Although not unique to Jobs, many people look at styles for the first time in the introduction of Jobs' famous product. Steve Jobs will use Apple's Keynote designed to slide show Jobs himself starting in 2003, but Gallo says that "talking like Jobs has nothing to do with the kind of presentation software you use (PowerPoint, Keynote, etc.).. all techniques work the same for PowerPoint and Keynote. "Gallo adds that" Microsoft PowerPoint has one big advantage over Apple's Keynote presentation software - everywhere... it's safe to say that the number of Keynote presentations is very small compared to PowerPoint.Although most of the presentation designers are familiar with both formats choosing to work in a more elegant Keynote system, the same designers will tell you that most of their client work is done in PowerPoint. "
Consistent with its relationship with Steve Jobs's keynote, the response to this style is that it is very effective for "ballroom-style presentations" (as is often the case in conference center ballrooms) where well-known and practiced speakers deal with large, for "conference room style presentation" which is often recurring internal business meetings for in-depth discussions with motivated peers.
Use better
The third reaction to the use of PowerPoint is to conclude that the standard style is capable of being used well, but many small points must be implemented with caution, to avoid avoidance of understanding. Such an analysis is primarily concerned with Stephen Kosslyn, a cognitive neurologist specializing in learning psychology and visual communication, and who has been head of the psychology department at Harvard, has been Director of Stanford's Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Science, and has published about 300 papers and 14 books.
Kosslyn presented a set of psychological principles of "human perception, memory, and understanding" which "seems to capture the main points of agreement among researchers." He reports that his experiments support the idea that it is not intuitive or unclear how to make effective PowerPoint presentations that conform to agreed principles, and that even small differences that may not seem important to the presenter can produce very different results in audience understanding.. For this reason, Kosslyn says, users need special education to be able to identify the best way to avoid "flaws and failures":
Specifically, we hypothesize and find that psychological principles are often violated in PowerPoint slideshows in various fields..., that some types of presentation deficiencies are visible and disturbing audience members..., and that observers have difficulty identifying many violations in the graph shown in individual slides.... These studies converge in the following picture painting: PowerPoint presentations are generally flawed; some types of defects are more common than others; deficiencies are not isolated for one domain or context; and, although some types of disadvantages disrupt the audience, the shortcomings at the slide design level are not always clear to untrained observers.
Many of the "flaws and failures" identified are "likely to interfere with material understanding or memory." Among the most common examples are "The bulleted material is not presented individually, growing the list from top to bottom," "More than four bullet bullets appear in one list," "Over two lines are used per bullet sentence," and " words are not big enough (ie, more than 20 points) for easy viewing. " Among audience reactions, the commonly reported problem is "Readers read word by word from notes or from the slide itself," "The slide contains too much material to absorb before the next slide is presented," and "The main point is obscured by many irrelevant details. "
Kosslyn observes that these findings may help explain why many studies on the effectiveness of learning from PowerPoint have been inconclusive and contradictory, if there is a difference in the quality of presentations tested in unobserved studies because "many may feel that 'good design' intuitively clear."
In 2007 Kosslyn wrote a book on PowerPoint, where he suggested a large number of fairly simple changes to the PowerPoint style and advised on recommended ways to use PowerPoint. In a second book later on PowerPoint he suggested nearly 150 clarification style changes (in less than 150 pages). Kosslyn summarizes:
... there is nothing fundamentally wrong with the PowerPoint program as a medium; on the contrary, I claim that the problem lies in how it is used.... In fact, this medium is a very versatile tool that can be very effective.... For many purposes, PowerPoint presentations are a superior communication medium, which is why they have become standard in many areas.
In 2017, online poll of social media users in the UK reportedly indicates that PowerPoint "remains popular among young technology-savvy users like Baby Boomers," with about four in five saying that "PowerPoint is a great tool for making presentations," in part because " PowerPoint, with its capacity to be highly visual, bridges an outdated world of yesterday with a future of visual future. "
Also in 2017, the MIT Management Communications Group Sloan School of Management surveyed incoming MBA students, found that "the results underline how different this generation communicates compared to older workers." Less than half of respondents reported doing meaningful writing, longer forms in the workplace, and even those minorities mostly did so very rarely, but "85 percent of students named producing presentations as a significant part of their job responsibilities." Two-thirds reported that they present every day or every week - so it's not surprising that direct presentation is the best skill they expect to improve. "One researcher concludes:" We are unlikely to see future workplaces with long-form writing, the trends are presentations and slides, and we not seeing any signs of slowing down. "
AS. military advantage
The use of PowerPoint by the US military service began slowly, as they invested in mainframe computers, MS-DOS PCs, and military specification graphics output devices, all of which were not supported by PowerPoint. But because of the strong military tradition of presenting briefings, as soon as they acquire the computers needed to run them, PowerPoint becomes part of the US military.
In 2000, ten years after PowerPoint for Windows appeared, it was identified as an important feature of US armed forces culture, in a front-page story in the Wall Street Journal:
The ancient slide briefing, designed to renew generals on troop movements, has been a military principal since World War II. But in just a few short years, PowerPoint has changed the landscape. Just like word processing that makes it easier to produce long and tortuous memos, the deployment of PowerPoint has triggered storms from jazzy but often inconsistent visuals. Instead of making a dozen slides in a notebook and putting them into the graphics department, the captain and colonel can now create hundreds of slides in a few hours without ever leaving their desk. If the spirits move them, they can build in the effects of gunshots and exploding images like landmines.... PowerPoint has become a distorted part of the defense culture that has seeped into the military lexicon. "PowerPoint Ranger" is a derogatory term for bureaucrats tied to desks who are more adept at making slides than throwing grenades.
The use of the US military from PowerPoint may have affected its use by the armed forces of other countries: "Foreign armed services are also beginning to enter into action. 'You can not talk to the US military without knowing PowerPoint," said Margaret Hayes, an instructor at the National Defense University in Washington DC, who teaches Latin American military officers how to use the software. "
After 10 years, in 2010 (and again on the front page) New York Times reported that the use of PowerPoint in the military then "out-of-control military tools":
Like the rebellion, PowerPoint has infiltrated into the daily life of the military commander and reached a level of near obsession. The amount of time spent on PowerPoint, Microsoft's presentation program of graphs, graphics and computer-generated points, has made it a joke at the Pentagon and in Iraq and Afghanistan.... Commander says that behind all PowerPoint jokes is a serious concern that this program hinders discussion, critical thinking, and prudent decision making. At the very least, it binds junior officers... in daily slide preparations, whether it's for a Joint Staff meeting in Washington or for a pre-mission platoon fighter briefing of platoon leaders in Afghanistan's remote pockets.
The New York Times account goes on to say that as a result some US generals have banned the use of PowerPoint in their operations:
"PowerPoint makes us stupid," General James N. Mattis of the Marine Corps, commander of the Combined Forces, said this month at a military conference in North Carolina. (He speaks without PowerPoint.) Brig. General H. R. McMaster, who banned the PowerPoint presentation when he led a successful effort to secure the town of Tal Afar in northern Iraq in 2005, followed up at the same conference by likening PowerPoint to internal threats. "It's dangerous because it can create the illusion of understanding and the illusion of control," General McMaster said in a phone interview afterwards. "Some problems in the world can not be trusted."
Some incidents, at about the same time, provide a wide currency for discussion by serving military officers depicting excessive use of PowerPoint and the organizational culture that drives it. In response to the story of the New York Times, Peter Norvig and Stephen M. Kosslyn sent a joint letter to the editor emphasizing the institutional culture of the military: "... many military personnel lament over excessive use and abuse of PowerPoint... The problem is not on the tool itself, but in the way people use it - which is partly the result of how institutions promote abuse.
Two generals mentioned in 2010 as opposed to the institutional culture of excessive use of PowerPoint, both appeared in news again in 2017, when James N. Mattis became US Secretary of Defense, and H. R. McMaster was appointed US National Security Adviser.
Artistic media
Musician David Byrne has been using PowerPoint as a medium for art for many years, producing books and DVDs and shows in his PowerPoint-based art gallery. Byrne has written: "I've worked with PowerPoint, presentation software everywhere, as an art medium for several years.This started off as a joke (this software is a symbol of corporate sales, or lack thereof) but then the work takes on its own life when I realized that I could create moving pieces, regardless of the limitations of 'being. ' "
In 2005 Byrne toured with a theater section that was styled as a PowerPoint presentation. When he presented it to Berkeley, on March 8, 2005, the University of California news service reported: "Byrne also defends the [PowerPoint] appeal as more than a business tool - as a medium for art and theater." The lecture is titled 'I? PowerPoint'.... Berkeley alumni, Bob Gaskins, and Dennis Austin... were there... Finally, Byrne said, PowerPoint could be the foundation for 'presentation theater', with roots in Brechtian dramas and Asian doll theaters. "After the show , Byrne describes it in his own online journal: "Does PowerPoint speak at Berkeley for legendary audience and IT academics.I am afraid.. The people who originally converted PowerPoint into a program were there, what would they think?... [Gaskins ] told me afterwards that he liked PowerPoint as a theater idea, which was a great relief. "
The expression "PowerPoint Art" or "pptArt" is used to define the contemporary Italian artistic movement that believes that the corporate world can be a unique and special source of inspiration for artists. They say: "The name pptArt refers to PowerPoint, a symbolic and abstract language developed by the corporate world that has become a universal and highly symbolic communication system beyond cultures and borders."
The widespread use of PowerPoint, in 2010, spawned "... a PowerPoint fan subculture that teaches new tricks of old apps, and perhaps even converts dry presentation formats into a complete artistic medium," by using PowerPoint animations to create "games , artwork, anime, and movies. "
PowerPoint Viewer
PowerPoint Viewer is the name for a series of small free application programs that will be used on computers without PowerPoint installations, for viewing, projecting, or printing (but not creating or editing) presentations.
The first version was introduced with PowerPoint 3.0 in 1992, to allow electronic presentations to be projected using conference room computers and freely distributed; on Windows, it takes advantage of new features of embedding TrueType fonts in PowerPoint presentation files to make the distribution easier. The same viewer application was sent with PowerPoint 3.0 for Macintosh, also in 1992.
Beginning with PowerPoint 2003, a feature called "Package for CD" automatically manages all linked video and audio files plus the necessary fonts when exporting a presentation to a disk or flash drive or network location, and also includes a revised copy of the PowerPoint Viewer app so that that the results can be presented on another PC without installing anything.
The latest version running in Windows "is created in conjunction with PowerPoint 2010, but can also be used to view newer presentations created in PowerPoint 2013 and PowerPoint 2016. All transitions, videos, and effects appear and behave similarly when viewed using PowerPoint Viewers like they do when viewed in PowerPoint 2010. "Supports presentations created using PowerPoint 97 and later. The latest version running on Macintosh is PowerPoint 98 Viewer for Classic Mac OS and Classic Environment, for Macs that support System 7.5 for Mac OS X Tiger (10.4). It can open presentations only from PowerPoint 3.0, 4.0, and 8.0 (PowerPoint 98), although presentations created on Macs can be opened in PowerPoint Viewer in Windows.
Early versions of PowerPoint, from 1987 to 1995 (versions 1.0 to 7.0), evolved through a sequence of binary file formats, differing in each version, as added functionality. Which results in a stable binary format (called.ppt files, like all previous binary formats) that are shared as default in PowerPoint 97 to PowerPoint 2003 for Windows, and in PowerPoint 98 to PowerPoint 2004 for Macs (that is, in PowerPoint versions 8.0 to 11.0). The specification document is actively maintained and can be downloaded freely, because, even if it is no longer the default, the binary format can be read and written by some newer versions of PowerPoint, including the current PowerPoint 2016. Once the stable binary format is adopted, the PowerPoint version can continue reading and write different file formats than previous versions. But starting with PowerPoint 2007 and PowerPoint 2008 for Mac (PowerPoint version 12.0), this is the only binary format available to store; PowerPoint 2007 (version 12.0) no longer supports storage to binary file formats that were used earlier than PowerPoint 97 (version 8.0), ten years earlier.
Binary file name extensions
- .ppt, presentation presentation PowerPoint 97-2003
- .pps, PowerPoint 97-2003 shows a binary slide
- .pot, a PowerPoint 97-2003 binary template
Binary media type
- .ppt, app/vnd.ms-powerpoint
- .pps, app/vnd.ms-powerpoint
- .pot, app/vnd.ms-powerpoint
Office Open XML (since 2007)
A big change in PowerPoint 2007 and PowerPoint 2008 for Mac (PowerPoint version 12.0) is that the stable 97-2003 binary file format is replaced as default by the new XML-based Office Open XML zip format (.pptx file). Microsoft's explanation of the benefits of the changes includes: smaller file sizes, up to 75% less than comparable binary documents; security, as it can identify and exclude executable macros and personal data; less chance of breaking than binary format; and easier interoperability to exchange data between Microsoft and other business applications, all while maintaining backward compatibility.
XML file name extension
- .pptx, XML 2007 PowerPoint presentation
- .pptm, PowerPoint 2007 macro-enabled presentation
- .ppsx, PowerPoint 2007 XML slide show
- .ppsm, slide slide XML macro-enabled 2007
- .ppam, add-in XML 2007 PowerPoint
- .potx, XML 2007 PowerPoint template
- .potm, PowerPoint 2007 XML macro-enabled template
XML media type
- .pptx, application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentations
- .pptm, app/vnd.ms-powerpoint.presentation.macroEnabled.12
- .ppsx, app/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.slideshow
- .ppsm, app/vnd.ms-powerpoint.slideshow.macroEnabled.12
- .ppam, app/vnd.ms-powerpoint.addin.macroEnabled.12
- .potx, application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.template
- .potm, app/vnd.ms-powerpoint.template.macroEnabled.12
Specifications for the new format are published as open standards, ECMA-376, through the International Technical Committee of Ecma 45 (TC45). The Ecma 376 stardard was approved in December 2006, and submitted for standardization through ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34 WG4 in early 2007. The standardization process is a debate. It was approved as ISO/IEC 29500 in early 2008. A copy of the standard ISO/IEC specification is available free of charge, in two parts. It defines two related standards known as "Transitions" and "Strict." Both these standards are increasingly being adopted by PowerPoint: PowerPoint version 12.0 (2007, 2008 for Mac) can read and write Transitional formats, but can not read or write Strict formats. Version PowerPoint 14.0 (2010, 2011 for Mac) can read and write Transitions, and also read but not write Strictly. PowerPoint versions 15.0 and later (from 2013, 2016 for Mac) can read and write both Transitions and Strict formats. The reasons for the two variants are explained by Microsoft:
... participants in the ISO/IEC standardization process recognize two objectives with competing requirements. The first goal is for the Open XML standard to provide XML-based file formats that can fully support the conversion of billions of existing Office documents without loss of features, content, text, layout, or other information, including embedded data. The second is to specify a file format that is independent of Microsoft's specific data types. They created two variants of Open XML - Transitional, which supports the previous definition
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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