Haitian Creole

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Haitian Creole ( ; Haitian Creole: kreyÃÆ'²l ayisyen , Haitian Creole pronunciation: Ã, [k? ej? l] ; French: crÃÆ' Â © ole haÃÆ'¯tien ) is a French-language kreol spoken by 9.6-12 Ã, million people in worldwide, and the only language in most Haitians. This is a creole language that is largely based on 18th century French language with influences from Portuguese, Spanish, English, TaÃÆ'no, and West African. Creole Haiti emerged from the contact between French settlers and African slaves during the Atlantic slave trade in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti). The Haitians are the world's largest creole-speaking community. Haitian creoles should not be equated with Haitian French, which is a French variation used in Haiti.

The use and education in Haiti Creole - which is not understood with French - has been debated since at least the nineteenth century : when the Haitians saw France as a sign of colonialism, Creole was accused by the francophone elite as a Frenchman who uneducated or poor. By the end of the 20th century, the Haitian president only spoke French to his fellow citizens, and until the 2000s, all instruction in Haiti's elementary school was in French, a foreign language for most students.

Video Haitian Creole

Etymology

The word creole is the origin of Latin through the Portuguese term meaning "someone (especially a maid) was raised in someone's home". It was first called a European born and raised in a foreign colony, but later used to refer to language as well.

Maps Haitian Creole

Origins

The Haitian creole contains elements from both the Indo-European Roman language groups through French superstratum, as well as African languages. There are many theories about the creation of Haitian Creole.

John Singler suggests that Creole probably formed between the time the French colonies of Saint-Domingue was founded in 1659 and 1740. During this period the colonies shifted from tobacco and cotton production to a largely sugar-based economy, which created favorable arrangements for Creole languages ​​formed. At the time of tobacco and cotton production, the Haitian population consisted of invaders, engagÃÆ' Â © s (employed whites), gens de couleur and slave in a relatively balanced proportion, with a number of people almost equal to the color and engagÃÆ' Â © s . Singler predicted the economy shifted to sugar production in 1690, and radically reconfigured the early Haitians as "large landowners ousting small ones, while the number of slaves exploded". Prior to this economic shift, engagÃÆ' Â © s was preferred over slaves because they found it easier to control. However, sugarcane crops require much larger labor, and more slaves are brought in. Since the colored slaves have been degraded in contact with the French-speaking white man, the language will begin to change.

Many African slaves in French possession come from the territory of Niger-Congo and especially from Kwa languages ​​such as Gbe and Tano language and Bantu language. Many were sent to French colonies. Singler shows that the number of Bantu speakers decreases as the number of Kwa speakers increases, with Gbe being the most dominant group. The first fifty years of the Saint-Domingue sugar boom coincided with the dominance of Gbe in the French Caribbean. During Singler's time of language evolution, the Gbe population was 50% of the population of imported slaves.

Unlike the African language, a kind of classic French ( franÃÆ'§ais Ã, classique ) and langues d'oÃÆ'¯l (Norman, Poitevin and Saintongeais dialects, Gallo and Picard) were spoken in the 17th and 18th centuries in Saint-Domingue, as well as in other French colonies in New France and French West Africa. Slaves who rarely communicate with fellow slaves will try to learn French. With the constant import of slaves, the language gradually became formal and became a different language for French. The language was also taken by white people and used by all who were born in what is now Haiti.

Difference between Haitian Creole and French

Haitian and French creoles have the same pronunciation and share many lexical items. In fact, more than 90% of Haitian Creole vocabulary comes from France. However, many of the cognate terms actually have different meanings. For example, as Valdman says in Haitian Creole: Structure, Variation, Status, Origin , the word for "often" in French is frà © quent ; however, the cognate word in Haitian Creole means 'brash, rude, and brash' and usually refers to people. In addition, Haitian Creole and French have different grammar, which is their main reason is incomprehensible. For example, in Haitian Creole, the verb is not conjugated as in French.

Both Haitian and French Creole also undergo semantic changes; words that have a single meaning in the 17th century have changed or have been replaced in both languages. For example, " Ki jan ou rele? " ("What is your name?") Corresponding to French Comment vous appelez-vous Ã, ? Although the average French speaker will not understand this phrase, every word in it actually comes from French: qui "what"; genre "way"; vous "you", and hÃÆ' Â © ler "to call", but the verb hÃÆ' Â © ler has been replaced with appeler in modern French.

Lefebvre proposes the theory of relexification, arguing that the process of relexification (the replacement of the phonological representation of lexical items of the substratum with the phonological representation of the supertratal lexical goods, so that the Haitian creole lexical looks like French, but works like substrate language (s)) is central to the Creole Haitian development.

Fon Language, modern Gbe language, is often used to compare grammatical structures between Haitian Creole and to relexify with the vocabulary of French:

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History

Initial development

Haitian Creole flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries in the western third of Hispaniola in an atmosphere mixed with native speakers of various Niger-Congolese languages ​​with French colonialists. In the early 1940s under President ÃÆ' â € ° Lescot lies, efforts are made to standardize the language. American linguist, Frank Laubach and Irish Methodist missioner H. Ormonde McConnell developed the standard Haitian Creole orthography. Although some consider highly orthographic, it is generally not well received. The Orthography was standardized in 1979. That same year, Haiti Creole was upheld by the Act of 18 September 1979. The PÃÆ'Â © dagogique National Institute established an official orthography for Creole, and little modifications were made over the next two decades. For example, the hyphen (-) is no longer used, nor is the quotation mark. The only sign of accent that is maintained is the grave accent on? ¨? and? ÃÆ'²?.

Become an official language

The 1987 Constitution enhances Haitian creed into a national language with France. These are classified French as langue d'instruction or "language of instruction", and Creole is classified as an outil d'enseignement or "educational tool". The 1987 Constitution honors Haiti Creole and France as the official language, but recognizes Haitian Creole as the only language that all Haitians have.

Development of literature

Even without the government's recognition, by the late 1800s, there had been literary texts written in Haitian Creole like Oswald Durand Choucoune and Georges Sylvain's Cric? Ã, Crac! FÃÆ' © lix Morisseau-Leroy is another influential author of Haiti Creole's work. Since the 1980s, many literary educators, writers and activists have written in Haitian Creole. In 2001, Open Gate: An Anthology of Haitian Creole Poetry was published. This is the first time the Haitian Creole poetry collection has been published in Haitian Creole and English. On October 28, 2004, the Haitian newspaper Le Matin first published the entire edition of Haiti Creole by observing the "Day of Creativity" of the newly founded country.

List of Haitian Creole language writers

• Louis-Philippe Dalembert
• FrankÃÆ' Â © tienne
• Ady Jean-Gardy
• Josaphat-Robert Besar
• FÃÆ' Â © lix Morisseau-Leroy
• Lyonel Trouillot
• Emile Celestin-Megie
Sociolinguistic

Role in society

Although Creole French and Haitian are the official languages ​​of Haiti, French is often regarded as a high language and Haitian Creole as a low language in the diglossic relationship of these two languages ​​in society. That is, for a minority of bilingual Haitian citizens, the use of these two languages ​​depends heavily on social context: French is more used in the public, especially in formal situations, while the Haitian Creole is used more and more daily. and often heard in ordinary conversation.

However, there is still a large population in Haiti who can not speak in Haitian Creole. For these people, Haitian Creole is the only means of communication, both in formal and informal conditions. As Yves Dejean states in Diglossia revisited: France and Creole in Haiti :

"France does not play a role in the very formal situation of a Haitian farmer (more than 80% of the population lives from agriculture) who leads family gatherings after the death of a member, or on the cult of the lwa family or spirit voodoo, or contacts a Catholic priest for church baptism , marriage, or solemn mass, or consult a physician, nurse, or dentist, or go to a civilian to declare death or birth. "(Dejan 192)

Use in education system

In most schools, French is still the preferred language for teaching. In general, Haitian creoles are mostly used in public schools, because that's where most of the kids from ordinary families who often only talk Haitian Creole go to school.

Historically, the educational system has been dominated by France. Except for the elite children, many have to drop out of school because learning French is very challenging for them and they have a hard time following up. The Bernard Reform of 1978 attempted to introduce Haitian Creole as a language of instruction in the first four years of primary school; However, overall reform is not very successful. As a result, the use of Haitian Creole has evolved but in a very limited way. After the earthquake in 2010, basic education became free and more accessible to monolingual masses. The government is still trying to expand the use of Haitian Creole and improve the school system.



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Orthography

Haitian Creole has phonemic orthography with very regular spelling, except for proper nouns and foreign words. According to official standard orthography, Haitian Creole consists of the following 32 symbols :? A?,? An?,? B?,? Ch?,? D?,? E?,? ÃÆ'¨¨,? En?,? f?,? g?,? h?,? i ?,? j?,? k?,? l?,? m?,? n?,? ng?,? o?,? ÃÆ'² ?,? on?,? ou?,? oun?,? p?,? r?,? s?,? t?,? ui?,? v?,? w?,? y ?, and? z ?. The letters? and you? always associated with other letters (in multigraf? ch?,? ou?,? oun?, and? ui?). Haitian Creole alphabet does not have q? or? x?; When? x? used in proper loan terms and nouns, it represents the sound of /ks/, /kz/, or /gz/.

• There are no mutes in Haitian Creole orthography.
• All sounds are always spelled the same, except when vowels carry grave accents ? `? previous? n? , which makes it an oral vowel instead of a nasal vowel:
  • ? en? for /??/ and ? ÃÆ'¨n? for /? n/ ;
  • ? in? for /??/ and ? ÃÆ'²n? for /? n/ ; and
  • ? an? for /ÃÆ' Â £/ and ? ÃÆ' n? for /an/ .
• When immediately followed by a vowel in a word, a digraph showing the vowel of the nose (? an?,? en?,? on ?, and sometimes? oun?) is pronounced as an oral vowel followed by /n/.
• There is some ambiguity in pronunciation of the high vowels of the letters? and? ou? when followed in spelling by? n ?. Common words like moun ("person") and machin ("car") ends with consonantal /n/, while very some words, mostly adopted from African, contain high vowels called as in houngan (" vodou imam ") .

Haiti orthography debate

The first technical orthography for Haitian Creole was developed in 1940 by H. Ã, Ormonde McConnell. It was later revised with the help of Frank Laubach, resulting in the creation of what is known as the McConnell-Laubach orthography.

The orthography McConnell-Laubach received substantial criticism from members of the Haitian elite. The Haitian intellectual Charles Pressoir criticized the McConnell-Laubach orthography for the lack of a codified frontal vowel sound, which is usually used only by francophone elites. Another criticism is the widespread use of letters? K?,? W ?, and? Y ?, which Pressoir believes looks "too American". Critics of the "American look" of this orthography are shared by many educated Haitians, who also criticize his union with Protestants. The last criticism of Pressoir is that "the use of circumflex to mark the vocals to be dinasalisasikan" treats the sound of the nose is different from the way they are represented in French, which is feared will hinder the learning of French.

The creation of orthography is essentially the articulation of the language ideology of those involved and bringing political and social tension between competing groups. Most of this tension lies in the ideology held by many people that French is superior, which causes the hate of language by some Haitians and admiration for it from others. This orthographic controversy led to an attempt to unite a conception of Haiti's national identity. Where? K? and W? seems too Anglo-Saxon and imperialistic America ,? c? and? ou? is a symbol of French colonialism.

French-based orthography

When Haiti was still a French colony, a decree by the French government was often written in French-creole lexicon and read aloud to the slave population. The first written text from Haiti Creole was composed in a French lexicon in a poem called Lisnes quittà © la laaine in 1757 by Duvivier de la MahautiÃÆ'¨re, a White Creole planter.

Before Haitian Creole orthography was standardized at the end of the 20th century, the spelling varied, but based on interpreting the pronounced Haiti Ã, Creole into French written, a language whose spellings did not match the pronunciation of at least 16 > Ã, century. Unlike the phonetic orthography, Haitian French orthography Ã, Creole is not standardized and varies by author; some use proper French spellings, others adjust the spelling of certain words to represent the cognate pronunciation of the Haitian Creole Ã, , deleting the letters of silence. For example:
Li ale travay nan maten ( "He went to work in the morning") can be transcribed as:

• Li ale travay le maten ,
• Lui aller travail le matin , or
• Li aller travail le matin .



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Grammar

Haitian Creole grammar is very analytical: for example, verbs are not affected for tension or people, and there is no gender grammar, which means adjectives and articles are not affected by nouns. The main word sequence is subject-verb-object as in French and English.

Many grammatical features, especially the pluralization of nouns and proprietary indications, are indicated by adding certain signs, such as yo , to the main word. There has been some debate over the years, whether this marker is affix or klitika, and if a dash like a hyphen should be used to relate it to a word.

Although the language vocabulary has many words related to their French, the sentence structure is similar to that of West African Fon.

Pronouns

There are six pronouns: first, second, and third, each in singular, and plural; it all comes from the French etymological language. There is no difference between direct and indirect objects.

Plural of nouns

A particular noun is pluralized when followed by the word yo ; unlimited plural nouns are not marked.

Possession

Ownership is indicated by placing the owner or the positional pronoun after the goods are owned. In northern Haiti, a or an is placed before the possessive pronoun.

Ownership shows no certainty ("my friend" as opposed to "my friend"), and ownership construction is often followed by a definite article.

Unlimited articles

Language has two unlimited articles, on and yon (pronounced /ÃÆ'Âμ/ and /jÃÆ'Âμ/) matching the French un and une . Yon is from French il y a un ("existing") . Both are used only with a single noun, and placed before the noun:

Certain articles

In Haiti Creole, there are five definite articles, and they are placed after the nouns they modify. The last syllable of the previous word determines what is used with what noun. If the last sound is an oral consonant and preceded by an oral vowel, it becomes la :

If the last sound is a verbal consonant and preceded by the vowel of the nose, it becomes and :

If the last sound is a verbal vowel and preceded by a verbal consonant, it becomes a :

If a word ends in "mi", "mou", "ni", "nou", or nasal vowel, it becomes an :

If the last sound is a nasal consonant, it becomes nan , but possibly also lan :

Demonstrative

There is one word sa that corresponds to English "this" and "that" (and for France ce , ceci , blemish , and ÃÆ'§a ). As in English, this can be used as demonstrative, except that it is placed after a qualified noun. This is often followed by a or yo (to mark numbers): sa a ("here" or "existing"):

As in English, it can also be used as a pronoun, replacing the noun:

Verbs

Many verbs in Haitian Creole are oral words similar to French, but there is no conjugation in the language; verbs have only one form, and changes in tension, mood, and aspect are indicated by the use of the marker:

Copula

The concept expressed in English with the verb "to be" is expressed in Haitian Creole with three words, se , you , and sometimes the title e .

The verb se (pronounced similar to the English word "say") is used to associate a subject with a nominative predicate:

Subjects sa or li can sometimes be removed with se :

To say "I want to be", usually vin ("be ") used instead of se .

Ye also means "to Ã, be", but placed exclusively on < b> end sentence, after predicate and subject (in that order):

Haitian Creole has a stative verb, meaning the verb "to be" is not open when followed by an adjective. Therefore, malad means "sick" and " becomes sick ":

To have

The verb "to have" is genyen , often shortened to genes .

There is

The verb genyen (or gene ) also means "exist" or "exist":

To find out

The Haitian Creole word for "knowing" and "knowing how" is konnen text, which is often abbreviated to < span lang = "ht" title = "Haitian Creole language text"> konn .

To do

FÃÆ'¨ means "do" or "create". It has many meanings, because it is one of the most common verbs used in idiomatic phrases.

To be able

The verb kapab (or abbreviated to ka , cap or kab ) means "can (do something)". This refers to "ability" and "availability":

Stringent tag

There is no conjugation in Haitian Creole. In the current unprogressive form, one only uses the basic verb form for the stative verb:

When the basic form of an action verb is used without a verb marker, it is generally understood as referring to the past:

Manje means "food" and "to eat", as well as palanger in French Canadian; m ap manje bon manje means "I eat good food".

For other word forms, the word "tense marker" is specially placed before the verb. The basics are:

The perfection of the past or the past is simple:

Past progressive:

Progressive presentation:

For the current progressive, it is customary, though unnecessary, to add kounye a ("right Ã, now"):

Also, ap manje can mean "to eat" depending on the context of the sentence:

Near or definite future:

Future:

Another example:

Past markers include fÃÆ'¨k and sÃÆ'²t (both mean "only" or "now" and often used together):

The verb nuance marker is ta Negation

The pa word appears before the verb and tense marker to dismiss it:



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Lexicon

Most Creole lexicon comes from French, with significant changes in pronunciation and morphology; often French articles must be preserved as part of the noun. For example, the exact article French la in la lune ("month") is inserted into the Creole noun for the month: interrupt . However, the language also inherits many words from different origins, among them Wolof, Fon, Congo, English, Spanish, Portuguese, Taino and Arabic.

Creole creates and borrows new words to describe new and old concepts and realities. An example of this is the fÃÆ'¨ tub borrowed from the English language and means "to move backward" (the original word derived from the French is record from the meter ), and also from English, napkins , used as well as tÃÆ'²chon , from the French torchon .

Example

NÃÆ'¨g and blan

Although nÃÆ'¨g and blan have similar words in French ( nÃÆ'¨gre , who likes to patronize blacks, and < i> blanc , meaning white or white), the meaning they carry in French does not apply in Haitian Creole. NÃÆ'¨g means "person", regardless of skin color (such as "male" or "dude" in American English). The word blan generally means "stranger" or "not from Haiti". Thus, a non-black Haitian man will be called nÃÆ'¨g , while blacks from the US may be referred to as blan .

Etymologically, the word nÃÆ'¨g is derived from the French "nÃÆ'¨gre" and a cognate with Spanish negro ("black", both color and its people).

There are many other Haitian Creole terms for special skin tones including grimo , bren , roz , and mawon . Some Haitians regard such labels as offensive because of their relationship to color discrimination and the Haitian class system, while others use the term freely.



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Example

Respect




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Proverbs and expressions

Proverbs play a central role in traditional Haitian culture and Haitian Creole speakers often use them as well as other metaphors.

Proverbs

Expressions




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Usage abroad

United States and Canada

Creole Haiti is widely used among Haitians who have moved to other countries, especially the United States and Canada. Some larger creole-speaking populations are found in Montreal, Quebec (where French is the first official language), New York City, Boston, and Central and South Florida (Miami, Fort Lauderdale and Palm Beach). To reach a large Haitian population, government agencies have produced public service announcements, parent-school communications, and other materials in Haiti's Creole. For example, Miami-Dade County in Florida sent paper communication in Haiti Creole besides English and Spanish. In the Boston area, Boston's subway system and county hospitals and medical offices posted announcements in Haitian Creole as well as English. The only English-language television network in North America is HBN, based in Miami. This area also has more than half a dozen AM creole radio stations.

Haitian creativity and Haitian culture are taught in many universities in the United States and the Bahamas. York College at City University of New York has a child in Haitian Creole. Indiana University has a Creole Institute founded by Albert Valdman where Haitian Creole, among other aspects of Haiti, is studied and researched. University of Kansas, Lawrence has a study institute in Haiti, founded by Bryant Freeman. In addition, Boston University of Massachusetts, Florida International University, and University of Florida offer seminars and courses each year at their Haiti Creole Summer Institute. Brown University, the University of Miami, and Duke University also offer Haitian Creole classes, and Columbia University and NYU have jointly offered courses since 2015. The University of Chicago began offering the Creole course in 2010. [1]

According to the English Demographics Report 2014-2015 published by the NYC Department of Education, 3,031 English Students (ELLs) at K-12 schools in New York City speak Haitian Creole, making it the sixth most common language of ELLs throughout the city. and the fifth most common home language in Brooklyn ELLs. Due to the large population of Haitian Creole students at NYC schools, organizations have been formed to respond to the needs of these students. For example, Flanbwayan and Gran Chimen Sant KiltirÃÆ'¨l, both located in Brooklyn, New York, aim to promote Haitian education and culture through advocacy, literacy projects, and art/cultural ventures.

Cuban

Haitian Creole is the second most widely spoken language in Cuba after Spanish, where over 300,000 Haitian immigrants speak. This language is recognized as a minority language in Cuba and a large number of Cubans speak fluently. Most of these speakers have never been to Haiti and have no Haitian ancestry, but only learned it in their community. In addition, there is Haiti Haitian radio station that operates in Havana.

Dominican Republic

In 2012, the language was also spoken by over 450,000 Haitians living in the Dominican Republic, although the locals do not speak. However, some estimates indicate that there are more than one million speakers due to the immense immigrant population of Haiti.

Bahamas

In 2009, up to 80,000 Haitians are estimated to live in the Bahamas, where about 20,000 people speak with Haitian Creole. This is the third most widely used language after English and Creole Bahamas.




Software

After the 2010 Haiti earthquake, international aid workers desperately needed a translation tool to communicate in Haiti Creole. In addition, international organizations have few ideas to be contacted as translators. As an emergency measure, Carnegie Mellon University released data for its own research into the public domain. Microsoft Research and Google Translate implements an alpha version engine interpreter based on Carnegie Mellon data.

Several smartphone apps have been released, including learning by flashcards by Byki and two medical dictionaries, one by Educa Vision and the second by Ultralingua, the latter including audio phrase books and sections on cultural anthropology.




See also

• Haitian-Inter Radio
• Creole language
• Antillean Creole
• Louisiana Creole





References






Further reading

• Anglade, Pierre (1998). "Inventaire ÃÆ' â € ° tymologique des Termes CrÃÆ'Â o oles des Caraibes d'origine Africaine". L'Harmattan edition. ISBN: 9782296352582. Ã, (in French)
• DeGraff, Michel (2001). "Morphology in Creole genesis: Linguistics and ideology" (PDF) . In Kenstowicz, Michael. Ken Hale: Life in the language . Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 52-121. ISBN 978-0-262-61160-2. LCCNÃ, 00-061644. OCLCÃ, 44702224. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 29, 2015.
• Lang, George (2004). "A Primary of the Haitian Literature at KreyÃÆ'²l ". Research in African Literature . Indiana University Press. 35 (2): 128-140. doi: 10.1353/ral.2004.0046. ISSNÃ, 1527-2044. JSTOR 3821349. (Registration required ( Help )) .





External links

• "Indiana University Creole Institute".
• Haitian Creole basic vocabulary (from the Wiktionary list of Swadesh-list)

Source of the article : Wikipedia